@ngdoc overview
@name Developer Guide: Forms
@description

# Overview

Forms allow users to enter data into your application. Forms represent the bidirectional data
bindings in Angular.

Forms consist of all of the following:

  - the individual widgets with which users interact
  - the validation rules for widgets
  - the form, a collection of widgets that contains aggregated validation information


# Form

A form groups a set of widgets together into a single logical data-set. A form is created using
the {@link api/angular.widget.form &lt;form&gt;} element that calls the
{@link api/angular.service.$formFactory $formFactory} service. The form is responsible for managing
the widgets and for tracking validation information.

A form is:

- The collection which contains widgets or other forms.
- Responsible for marshaling data from the model into a widget. This is
  triggered by {@link api/angular.scope.$watch $watch} of the model expression.
- Responsible for marshaling data from the widget into the model. This is
  triggered by the widget emitting the `$viewChange` event.
- Responsible for updating the validation state of the widget, when the widget emits
  `$valid` / `$invalid` event. The validation state is useful for controlling the validation
   errors shown to the user in it consist of:

  - `$valid` / `$invalid`: Complementary set of booleans which show if a widget is valid / invalid.
  - `$error`: an object which has a property for each validation key emited by the widget.
              The value of the key is always true. If widget is valid, then the `$error`
              object has no properties. For example if the widget emits
              `$invalid` event with `REQUIRED` key. The internal state of the `$error` would be
              updated to `$error.REQUIRED == true`.

- Responsible for aggregating widget validation information into the form.

  - `$valid` / `$invalid`: Complementary set of booleans which show if all the child widgets
              (or forms) are valid or if any are invalid.
  - `$error`: an object which has a property for each validation key emited by the
              child widget. The value of the key is an array of widgets which fired the invalid
              event. If all child widgets are valid then, then the `$error` object has no
              properties. For example if a child widget emits
              `$invalid` event with `REQUIRED` key. The internal state of the `$error` would be
              updated to `$error.REQUIRED == [ widgetWhichEmitedInvalid ]`.


# Widgets

In Angular, a widget is the term used for the UI with which the user input. Examples of
bult-in Angular widgets are {@link api/angular.widget.input input} and
{@link api/angular.widget.select select}. Widgets provide the rendering and the user
interaction logic. Widgets should be declared inside a form, if no form is provided an implicit
form {@link api/angular.service.$formFactory $formFactory.rootForm} form is used.

Widgets are implemented as Angular controllers. A widget controller:

-  implements methods:

  - `$render` - Updates the DOM from the internal state as represented by `$viewValue`.
  - `$parseView` - Translate `$viewValue` to `$modelValue`. (`$modelValue` will be assigned to
     the model scope by the form)
  - `$parseModel` - Translate `$modelValue` to `$viewValue`. (`$viewValue` will be assigned to
     the DOM inside the `$render` method)

- responds to events:

  - `$validate` - Emitted by the form when the form determines that the widget needs to validate
    itself. There may be more then one listener on the `$validate` event. The widget responds
    by emitting `$valid` / `$invalid` event of its own.

- emits events:

  - `$viewChange` - Emitted when the user interacts with the widget and it is necessary to update
     the model.
  - `$valid` - Emitted when the widget determines that it is valid (usually as a response to
    `$validate` event or inside `$parseView()` or `$parseModel()` method).
  - `$invalid` - Emitted when the widget determines that it is invalid (usually as a response to
    `$validate` event or inside `$parseView()` or `$parseModel()` method).
  - `$destroy` - Emitted when the widget element is removed from the DOM.


# CSS

Angular-defined widgets and forms set `ng-valid` and `ng-invalid` classes on themselves to allow
the web-designer a way to style them. If you write your own widgets, then their `$render()`
methods must set the appropriate CSS classes to allow styling.
(See {@link dev_guide.templates.css-styling CSS})


# Example

The following example demonstrates:

  - How an error is displayed when a required field is empty.
  - Error highlighting.
  - How form submission is disabled when the form is invalid.
  - The internal state of the widget and form in the the 'Debug View' area.


<doc:example>
<doc:source>
   <style>
     .ng-invalid { border: solid 1px red; }
     .ng-form {display: block;}
   </style>
   <script>
   function UserFormCntl() {
     this.state = /^\w\w$/;
     this.zip = /^\d\d\d\d\d$/;
     this.master = {
       customer: 'John Smith',
       address:{
         line1: '123 Main St.',
         city:'Anytown',
         state:'AA',
         zip:'12345'
       }
     };
     this.cancel();
   }

   UserFormCntl.prototype = {
     cancel: function() {
       this.form = angular.copy(this.master);
     },

     save: function() {
       this.master = this.form;
       this.cancel();
     }
   };
   </script>
   <div ng:controller="UserFormCntl">

     <form name="userForm">

       <label>Name:</label><br/>
       <input type="text" name="customer" ng:model="form.customer" required/>
       <span class="error" ng:show="userForm.customer.$error.REQUIRED">
         Customer name is required!</span>
       <br/><br/>

       <ng:form name="addressForm">
         <label>Address:</label> <br/>
         <input type="text" name="line1" size="33" required
                ng:model="form.address.line1"/> <br/>
         <input type="text" name="city" size="12" required
                ng:model="form.address.city"/>,
         <input type="text" name="state" ng:pattern="state" size="2" required
                ng:model="form.address.state"/>
         <input type="text" name="zip" ng:pattern="zip" size="5" required
                ng:model="form.address.zip"/><br/><br/>

         <span class="error" ng:show="addressForm.$invalid">
           Incomplete address:
           <span class="error" ng:show="addressForm.state.$error.REQUIRED">
             Missing state!</span>
           <span class="error" ng:show="addressForm.state.$error.PATTERN">
             Invalid state!</span>
           <span class="error" ng:show="addressForm.zip.$error.REQUIRED">
             Missing zip!</span>
           <span class="error" ng:show="addressForm.zip.$error.PATTERN">
             Invalid zip!</span>
         </span>
       </ng:form>

       <button ng:click="cancel()"
               ng:disabled="{{master.$equals(form)}}">Cancel</button>
       <button ng:click="save()"
               ng:disabled="{{userForm.$invalid || master.$equals(form)}}">
          Save</button>
     </form>

     <hr/>
     Debug View:
     <pre>form={{form}}</pre>
     <pre>master={{master}}</pre>
     <pre>userForm={{userForm}}</pre>
     <pre>addressForm={{addressForm}}</pre>
   </div>
</doc:source>
<doc:scenario>
  it('should enable save button', function() {
    expect(element(':button:contains(Save)').attr('disabled')).toBeTruthy();
    input('form.customer').enter('');
    expect(element(':button:contains(Save)').attr('disabled')).toBeTruthy();
    input('form.customer').enter('change');
    expect(element(':button:contains(Save)').attr('disabled')).toBeFalsy();
    element(':button:contains(Save)').click();
    expect(element(':button:contains(Save)').attr('disabled')).toBeTruthy();
  });
  it('should enable cancel button', function() {
    expect(element(':button:contains(Cancel)').attr('disabled')).toBeTruthy();
    input('form.customer').enter('change');
    expect(element(':button:contains(Cancel)').attr('disabled')).toBeFalsy();
    element(':button:contains(Cancel)').click();
    expect(element(':button:contains(Cancel)').attr('disabled')).toBeTruthy();
    expect(element(':input[ng\\:model="form.customer"]').val()).toEqual('John Smith');
  });
</doc:scenario>
</doc:example>

# Life-cycle

- The `<form>` element triggers creation of a new form {@link dev_guide.scopes scope} using the
  {@link api/angular.service.$formFactory $formfactory}. The new form scope is added to the
  `<form>` element using the jQuery `.data()` method for later retrieval under the key `$form`.
  The form also sets up these listeners:

  - `$destroy` - This event is emitted by nested widget when it is removed from the view. It gives
     the form a chance to clean up any validation references to the destroyed widget.
  - `$valid` / `$invalid` - This event is emitted by the widget on validation state change.

- `<input>` element triggers the creation of the widget using the
  {@link api/angular.service.$formFactory $formfactory.$createWidget()} method. The `$createWidget()`
  creates new widget instance by calling the current scope {@link api/angular.scope.$new .$new()} and
  registers these listeners:

  - `$watch` on the model scope.
  - `$viewChange` event on the widget scope.
  - `$validate` event on the widget scope.
  - Element `change` event when the user enters data.

<img class="center" src="img/form_data_flow.png" border="1" />


- When the user interacts with the widget:

  1. The DOM element fires the `change` event which the widget intercepts. Widget then emits
     a `$viewChange` event which includes the new user-entered value. (Remember that the DOM events
     are outside of the Angular environment so the widget must emit its event within the
     {@link api/angular.scope.$apply $apply} method).
  2. The form's `$viewChange` listener copies the user-entered value to the widget's `$viewValue`
     property. Since the `$viewValue` is the raw value as entered by user, it may need to be
     translated to a different format/type (for example, translating a string to a number).
     If you need your widget to translate between the internal `$viewValue` and the external
     `$modelValue` state, you must declare a `$parseView()` method. The `$parseView()` method
     will copy `$viewValue` to `$modelValue` and perform any necessary translations.
  3. The `$modelValue` is written into the application model.
  4. The form then emits a `$validate` event, giving the widget's validators chance to validate the
     input. There can be any number of validators registered. Each validator may in turn
     emit a `$valid` / `$invalid` event with the validator's validation key. For example `REQUIRED`.
  5. Form listens to `$valid`/`$invalid` events and updates both the form as well as the widget
     scope with the validation state. The validation updates the `$valid` and `$invalid`, property
     as well as `$error` object. The widget's `$error` object is updated with the validation key
     such that `$error.REQUIRED == true` when the validation emits `$invalid` with `REQUIRED`
     validation key. Similarly the form's `$error` object gets updated, but instead of boolean
     `true` it contains an array of invalid widgets (widgets which fired `$invalid` event with
     `REQUIRED` validation key).

- When the model is updated:

  1. The model `$watch` listener assigns the model value to `$modelValue` on the widget.
  2. The form then calls `$parseModel` method on widget if present. The method converts the
     value to renderable format and assigns it to `$viewValue` (for example converting number to a
     string.)
  3. The form then emits a `$validate` which behaves as described above.
  4. The form then calls `$render` method on the widget to update the DOM structure from the
     `$viewValue`.



# Writing Your Own Widget

This example shows how to implement a custom HTML editor widget in Angular.

    <doc:example>
      <doc:source>
        <script>
          function EditorCntl() {
            this.htmlContent = '<b>Hello</b> <i>World</i>!';
          }

          function HTMLEditorWidget(element) {
            var self = this;
            var htmlFilter = angular.filter('html');

            this.$parseModel = function() {
              // need to protect for script injection
              try {
                this.$viewValue = htmlFilter(
                  this.$modelValue || '').get();
                if (this.$error.HTML) {
                  // we were invalid, but now we are OK.
                  this.$emit('$valid', 'HTML');
                }
              } catch (e) {
                // if HTML not parsable invalidate form.
                this.$emit('$invalid', 'HTML');
              }
            }

            this.$render = function() {
              element.html(this.$viewValue);
            }

            element.bind('keyup', function() {
              self.$apply(function() {
                self.$emit('$viewChange', element.html());
              });
            });
          }

          angular.directive('ng:html-editor-model', function() {
            function linkFn($formFactory, element) {
              var exp = element.attr('ng:html-editor-model'),
                  form = $formFactory.forElement(element),
                  widget;
              element.attr('contentEditable', true);
              widget = form.$createWidget({
                scope: this,
                model: exp,
                controller: HTMLEditorWidget,
                controllerArgs: [element]});
              // if the element is destroyed, then we need to
              // notify the form.
              element.bind('$destroy', function() {
                widget.$destroy();
              });
            }
            linkFn.$inject = ['$formFactory'];
            return linkFn;
          });
        </script>
        <form name='editorForm' ng:controller="EditorCntl">
          <div ng:html-editor-model="htmlContent"></div>
          <hr/>
          HTML: <br/>
          <textarea ng:model="htmlContent" cols="80"></textarea>
          <hr/>
          <pre>editorForm = {{editorForm}}</pre>
        </form>
      </doc:source>
      <doc:scenario>
        it('should enter invalid HTML', function() {
          expect(element('form[name=editorForm]').prop('className')).toMatch(/ng-valid/);
          input('htmlContent').enter('<');
          expect(element('form[name=editorForm]').prop('className')).toMatch(/ng-invalid/);
        });
      </doc:scenario>
    </doc:example>



# HTML Inputs

The most common widgets you will use will be in the form of the
standard HTML set. These widgets are bound using the `name` attribute
to an expression. In addition, they can have `required` attribute to further control their
validation.
<doc:example>
  <doc:source>
     <script>
       function Ctrl() {
         this.input1 = '';
         this.input2 = '';
         this.input3 = 'A';
         this.input4 = false;
         this.input5 = 'c';
         this.input6 = [];
       }
     </script>
    <table style="font-size:.9em;" ng:controller="Ctrl">
      <tr>
        <th>Name</th>
        <th>Format</th>
        <th>HTML</th>
        <th>UI</th>
        <th ng:non-bindable>{{input#}}</th>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>text</th>
        <td>String</td>
        <td><tt>&lt;input type="text" ng:model="input1"&gt;</tt></td>
        <td><input type="text" ng:model="input1" size="4"></td>
        <td><tt>{{input1|json}}</tt></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>textarea</th>
        <td>String</td>
        <td><tt>&lt;textarea ng:model="input2"&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;</tt></td>
        <td><textarea ng:model="input2" cols='6'></textarea></td>
        <td><tt>{{input2|json}}</tt></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>radio</th>
        <td>String</td>
        <td><tt>
          &lt;input type="radio" ng:model="input3" value="A"&gt;<br>
          &lt;input type="radio" ng:model="input3" value="B"&gt;
        </tt></td>
        <td>
          <input type="radio" ng:model="input3" value="A">
          <input type="radio" ng:model="input3" value="B">
        </td>
        <td><tt>{{input3|json}}</tt></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>checkbox</th>
        <td>Boolean</td>
        <td><tt>&lt;input type="checkbox" ng:model="input4"&gt;</tt></td>
        <td><input type="checkbox" ng:model="input4"></td>
        <td><tt>{{input4|json}}</tt></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>pulldown</th>
        <td>String</td>
        <td><tt>
          &lt;select ng:model="input5"&gt;<br>
          &nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;option value="c"&gt;C&lt;/option&gt;<br>
          &nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;option value="d"&gt;D&lt;/option&gt;<br>
          &lt;/select&gt;<br>
        </tt></td>
        <td>
          <select ng:model="input5">
            <option value="c">C</option>
            <option value="d">D</option>
          </select>
        </td>
        <td><tt>{{input5|json}}</tt></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <th>multiselect</th>
        <td>Array</td>
        <td><tt>
          &lt;select ng:model="input6" multiple size="4"&gt;<br>
          &nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;option value="e"&gt;E&lt;/option&gt;<br>
          &nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;option value="f"&gt;F&lt;/option&gt;<br>
          &lt;/select&gt;<br>
        </tt></td>
        <td>
          <select ng:model="input6" multiple size="4">
            <option value="e">E</option>
            <option value="f">F</option>
          </select>
        </td>
        <td><tt>{{input6|json}}</tt></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
  </doc:source>
  <doc:scenario>

    it('should exercise text', function() {
     input('input1').enter('Carlos');
     expect(binding('input1')).toEqual('"Carlos"');
    });
    it('should exercise textarea', function() {
     input('input2').enter('Carlos');
     expect(binding('input2')).toEqual('"Carlos"');
    });
    it('should exercise radio', function() {
     expect(binding('input3')).toEqual('"A"');
     input('input3').select('B');
     expect(binding('input3')).toEqual('"B"');
     input('input3').select('A');
     expect(binding('input3')).toEqual('"A"');
    });
    it('should exercise checkbox', function() {
     expect(binding('input4')).toEqual('false');
     input('input4').check();
     expect(binding('input4')).toEqual('true');
    });
    it('should exercise pulldown', function() {
     expect(binding('input5')).toEqual('"c"');
     select('input5').option('d');
     expect(binding('input5')).toEqual('"d"');
    });
    it('should exercise multiselect', function() {
     expect(binding('input6')).toEqual('[]');
     select('input6').options('e');
     expect(binding('input6')).toEqual('["e"]');
     select('input6').options('e', 'f');
     expect(binding('input6')).toEqual('["e","f"]');
    });
  </doc:scenario>
</doc:example>

#Testing

When unit-testing a controller it may be desirable to have a reference to form and to simulate
different form validation states.

This example demonstrates a login form, where the login button is enabled only when the form is
properly filled out.
<pre>
  <div ng:controller="LoginController">
    <form name="loginForm">
      <input type="text" ng:model="username" required/>
      <input type="password" ng:model="password" required/>
      <button ng:disabled="{{!disableLogin()}}" ng:click="login()">Login</login>
    </form>
  </div>
</pre>

In the unit tests we do not have access to the DOM, and therefore the `loginForm` reference does
not get set on the controller. This example shows how it can be unit-tested, by creating a mock
form.
<pre>
function LoginController() {
  this.disableLogin = function() {
    return this.loginForm.$invalid;
  };
}

describe('LoginController', function() {
  it('should disable login button when form is invalid', function() {
    var scope = angular.scope();
    var loginController = scope.$new(LoginController);

    // In production the 'loginForm' form instance gets set from the view,
    // but in unit-test we have to set it manually.
    loginController.loginForm = scope.$service('$formFactory')();

    expect(loginController.disableLogin()).toBe(false);

    // Now simulate an invalid form
    loginController.loginForm.$emit('$invalid', 'MyReason');
    expect(loginController.disableLogin()).toBe(true);

    // Now simulate a valid form
    loginController.loginForm.$emit('$valid', 'MyReason');
    expect(loginController.disableLogin()).toBe(false);
  });
});
</pre>

## Custom widgets

This example demonstrates a login form, where the password has custom validation rules.
<pre>
  <div ng:controller="LoginController">
    <form name="loginForm">
      <input type="text" ng:model="username" required/>
      <input type="@StrongPassword" ng:model="password" required/>
      <button ng:disabled="{{!disableLogin()}}" ng:click="login()">Login</login>
    </form>
  </div>
</pre>

In the unit tests we do not have access to the DOM, and therefore the `loginForm` and custom
input type reference does not get set on the controller. This example shows how it can be
unit-tested, by creating a mock form and a mock custom input type.
<pre>
function LoginController(){
  this.disableLogin = function() {
    return this.loginForm.$invalid;
  };

  this.StrongPassword = function(element) {
    var widget = this;
    element.attr('type', 'password'); // act as password.
    this.$on('$validate', function(){
      widget.$emit(widget.$viewValue.length > 5 ? '$valid' : '$invalid', 'PASSWORD');
    });
  };
}

describe('LoginController', function() {
  it('should disable login button when form is invalid', function() {
    var scope = angular.scope();
    var loginController = scope.$new(LoginController);
    var input = angular.element('<input>');

    // In production the 'loginForm' form instance gets set from the view,
    // but in unit-test we have to set it manually.
    loginController.loginForm = scope.$service('$formFactory')();

    // now instantiate a custom input type
    loginController.loginForm.$createWidget({
      scope: loginController,
      model: 'password',
      alias: 'password',
      controller: loginController.StrongPassword,
      controllerArgs: [input]
    });

    // Verify that the custom password input type sets the input type to password
    expect(input.attr('type')).toEqual('password');

    expect(loginController.disableLogin()).toBe(false);

    // Now simulate an invalid form
    loginController.loginForm.password.$emit('$invalid', 'PASSWORD');
    expect(loginController.disableLogin()).toBe(true);

    // Now simulate a valid form
    loginController.loginForm.password.$emit('$valid', 'PASSWORD');
    expect(loginController.disableLogin()).toBe(false);

    // Changing model state, should also influence the form validity
    loginController.password = 'abc'; // too short so it should be invalid
    scope.$digest();
    expect(loginController.loginForm.password.$invalid).toBe(true);

    // Changeing model state, should also influence the form validity
    loginController.password = 'abcdef'; // should be valid
    scope.$digest();
    expect(loginController.loginForm.password.$valid).toBe(true);
  });
});
</pre>


