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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial
@description
A great way to get introduced to Angular is to work through this tutorial, which walks you through
the construction of an AngularJS web app. The app you will build is a catalog that displays a list
of Android devices, lets you filter the list to see only devices that interest you, and then view
details for any device.
<img src="img/tutorial/catalog_screen.png">
Work through the tutorial to see how Angular makes browsers smarter — without the use of extensions
or plug-ins. As you work through the tutorial, you will:
* See examples of how to use client-side data binding and dependency injection to build dynamic
views of data that change immediately in response to user actions.
* See how Angular creates listeners on your data without the need for DOM manipulation.
* Learn a better, easier way to test your web apps.
* Learn how to use Angular services to make common web tasks, such as getting data into your app,
easier.
And all of this works in any browser without modification to the browser!
When you finish the tutorial you will be able to:
* Create a dynamic application that works in any browser.
* Define the differences between Angular and common JavaScript frameworks.
* Understand how data binding works in AngularJS.
* Use the angular-seed project to quickly boot-strap your own projects.
* Create and run tests.
* Identify resources for learning more about AngularJS.
The tutorial guides you through the entire process of building a simple application, including
writing and running unit and end-to-end tests. Experiments at the end of each step provide
suggestions for you learn more about AngularJS and the application you are building.
You can go through the whole tutorial in a couple of hours or you may want to spend a pleasant day
really digging into it. If you're looking for a shorter introduction to AngularJS, check out the
{@link misc/started Getting Started} document.
# Working with the code
You can follow this tutorial and hack on the code in either the Mac/Linux or the Windows
environment. Options for working with the tutorial are to use the Git versioning system for source
code management or to use scripts that copy snapshots of project files into your workspace
(`sandbox`) directory. Select one of the tabs below and follow the instructions for setting up your
computer for your preferred option.
<doc:tutorial-instructions show="true">
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="git-mac" title="Git on Mac/Linux">
<ol>
<li><p>Verify that you have <a href="http://java.com/">Java</a> installed by running the
following command in a terminal window:</p>
<pre><code>java -version</code></pre>
<p>You will need Java to run unit tests.</p></li>
<li><p>Download Git from the <a href="http://git-scm.com/download">Git</a> site.</p>
<p>You can build Git from source or use the pre-compiled package.</p></li>
<li><p>Clone the angular-phonecat repository located at <a
href="https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat">Github</a> by running the following command:</p>
<pre><code>git clone git://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat.git</code></pre>
<p>This command creates the <code>angular-phonecat</code> directory in your current
directory.</p></li>
<li><p>Change your current directory to <code>angular-phonecat</code>:</p>
<pre><code>cd angular-phonecat</code></pre>
<p>The tutorial instructions assume you are running all commands from the angular-phonecat
directory.</p></li>
<li><p>You will need an http server running on your system. Mac and Linux machines typically
have Apache pre-installed, but If you don't already have one installed, you can <a
href="https://github.com/joyent/node/wiki/Installing-Node.js-via-package-manager">install
node.js</a>. Use <code>node</code> to run <code>scripts/web-server.js</code>, a simple bundled
http server.</p></li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="git-win" title="Git on Windows">
<ol>
<li><p>You will need Java to run unit tests, so run the following command to verify that you
have <a href="http://java.com/">Java</a> installed and that the <code>java</code> executable is on
your <code>PATH</code>.</p>
<pre><code>java -version</code></pre>
<p></p></li>
<li><p>Install msysGit from <a href="http://git-scm.com/download">the Git</a> site.</p></li>
<li><p>Open msysGit bash and clone the angular-phonecat repository located at <a
href="https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat">Github</a> by running the following command:</p>
<pre><code>git clone git://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat.git</code></pre>
<p>This command creates the angular-phonecat directory in your current directory.</p></li>
<li><p>Change your current directory to angular-phonecat.</p>
<pre><code>cd angular-phonecat</code></pre>
<p>The tutorial instructions assume you are running all commands from the angular-phonecat
directory.</p>
<p>You should run all <code>git</code> commands from msysGit bash.</p>
<p>Other commands like <code>test-server.bat</code> or <code>test.bat</code> should be
executed from the Windows command line.</li>
<li><p>You need an http server running on your system. If you don't already have one
installed, you can install <a href="http://nodejs.org/">node.js</a>. Download the <a
href="http://node-js.prcn.co.cc/">pre-compiled binaries</a>, unzip them, and then add
<code>nodejs\bin</code> into your <code>PATH</code>. Use <code>node</code> to run
<code>scripts\web-server.js</code>, a simple, bundled http server.</p></li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="ss-mac" title="Snapshots on Mac/Linux">
<ol>
<li><p>You need Java to run unit tests, so verify that you have <a
href="http://java.com/">Java</a> installed by running the following command in a terminal
window:</p>
<pre><code>java -version</code></pre>
<li><p>Download the <a href="http://code.angularjs.org/angular-phonecat/">zip archive</a>
containing all of the files and unzip them into the [tutorial-dir] directory</p>.</li>
<li><p>Change your current directory to [tutorial-dir]/sandbox, as follows:</p>
<pre><code>cd [tutorial-dir]/sandbox</code></pre>
<p>The tutorial instructions assume you are running all commands from your
<code>sandbox</code> directory.</p></li>
<li><p>You need an http server running on your system and Mac and Linux machines typically
have Apache pre-installed. If you don't have an http server installed, you can <a
href="https://github.com/joyent/node/wiki/Installing-Node.js-via-package-manager">install
node.js</a> and use it to run <code>scripts/web-server.js</code>, a simple bundled http
server.</p></li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="ss-win" title="Snapshots on Windows">
<ol>
<li><p>Verify that you have <a href="http://java.com/">Java</a> installed and that the
<code>java</code> executable is on your <code>PATH</code> by running the following command in the
Windows command line:</p>
<pre><code>java -version</code></pre>
<p>You need Java to run unit tests, so download the <a
href="http://code.angularjs.org/angular-phonecat/">zip archive</a> that contains all of the files
and unzip the files into the [tutorial-dir] directory</p></li>
<li><p>Change your current directory to [tutorial-dir]/sandbox, as follows:</p>
<pre><code>cd [tutorial-dir]/sandbox</code></pre>
<p>The tutorial instructions assume you are running all commands from this directory.</p></li>
<li><p>You need an http server running on your system, but if you don't already have one
already installed, you can install <a href="http://nodejs.org/">node.js</a>. Download the <a
href="http://node-js.prcn.co.cc/">pre-compiled binaries</a>, unzip them, and then add
<code>nodejs\bin</code> into your <code>PATH</code>. Use <code>node</code> to run
<code>scripts\web-server.js</code>, a simple bundled http server.</p></li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
</doc:tutorial-instructions>
The last thing to do is to make sure your computer has a web browser and a good text editor
installed. Now, let's get going with {@link step_00 step 0}.

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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 0 - angular-seed
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="0"></ul>
You are now ready to build the Angular phonecat application. In this step, you will become familiar
with the most important source code files, learn how to start the development servers bundled with
angular-seed, and run the application in the browser.
<doc:tutorial-instructions show="true">
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="git-mac" title="Git on Mac/Linux">
<ol>
<li><p>In angular-phonecat directory, run this command:</p>
<pre><code>git checkout -f step-0</code></pre>
<p>This resets your workspace to step 0 of the tutorial app.</p>
<p>You must repeat this for every future step in the tutorial and change the number to
the number of the step you are on. This will cause any changes you made within
your working directory to be lost.</p></li>
<li>To see the app running in a browser, do one of the following:
<ul>
<li><b>For node.js users:</b>
<ol>
<li>In a <i>separate</i> terminal tab or window, run
<code>./scripts/web-server.js</code> to start the web server.</li>
<li>Open a browser window for the app and navigate to <a
href="http://localhost:8000/app/index.html">http://localhost:8000/app/index.html</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>For other http servers:</b>
<ol>
<li>Configure the server to serve the files in the <code>angular-phonecat</code>
directory.</li>
<li>Navigate in your browser to
<code>http://localhost:[port-number]/[context-path]/app/index.html</code>.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="git-win" title="Git on Windows">
<ol>
<li><p>Open msysGit bash and run this command (in angular-phonecat directory):</p>
<pre><code>git checkout -f step-0</code></pre>
<p>This resets your workspace to step 0 of the tutorial app.</p>
<p>You must repeat this for every future step in the tutorial and change the number to
the number of the step you are on. This will cause any changes you made within
your working directory to be lost.</p></li>
<li>To see the app running in a browser, do one of the following:
<ul>
<li><b>For node.js users:</b>
<ol>
<li>In a <i>separate</i> terminal tab or window, run <code>node
scripts\web-server.js</code> to start the web server.</li>
<li>Open a browser window for the app and navigate to <a
href="http://localhost:8000/app/index.html">http://localhost:8000/app/index.html</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>For other http servers:</b>
<ol>
<li>Configure the server to serve the files in the <code>angular-phonecat</code>
directory.</li>
<li>Navigate in your browser to
<code>http://localhost:[port-number]/[context-path]/app/index.html</code>.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="ss-mac" title="Snapshots on Mac/Linux">
<ol>
<li><p>In the angular-phonecat directory, run this command:</p>
<pre><code>./goto_step.sh 0</code></pre>
<p>This resets your workspace to step 0 of the tutorial app.</p>
<p>You must repeat this for every future step in the tutorial and change the number to
the number of the step you are on. This will cause any changes you made within
your working directory to be lost.</p></li>
<li>To see the app running in a browser, do one of the following:
<ul>
<li><b>For node.js users:</b>
<ol>
<li>In a <i>separate</i> terminal tab or window, run
<code>./scripts/web-server.js</code> to start the web server.</li>
<li>Open a browser window for the app and navigate to <a
href="http://localhost:8000/app/index.html">http://localhost:8000/app/index.html</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>For other http servers:</b>
<ol>
<li>Configure the server to serve the files in the angular-phonecat
<code>sandbox</code> directory.</li>
<li>Navigate in your browser to
<code>http://localhost:[port-number]/[context-path]/app/index.html</code>.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
<doc:tutorial-instruction id="ss-win" title="Snapshots on Windows">
<ol>
<li><p>Open windows command line and run this command (in the angular-phonecat directory):</p>
<pre><code>goto_step.bat 0</code></pre>
<p>This resets your workspace to step 0 of the tutorial app.</p>
<p>You must repeat this for every future step in the tutorial and change the number to
the number of the step you are on. This will cause any changes you made within
your working directory to be lost.</p></li>
<li>To see the app running in a browser, do one of the following:
<ul>
<li><b>For node.js users:</b>
<ol>
<li>In a <i>separate</i> terminal tab or window, run <code>node
scripts\web-server.js</code> to start the web server.</li>
<li>Open a browser window for the app and navigate to <a
href="http://localhost:8000/app/index.html">http://localhost:8000/app/index.html</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>For other http servers:</b>
<ol>
<li>Configure the server to serve the files in the angular-phonecat
<code>sandbox</code> directory.</li>
<li>Navigate in your browser to
<code>http://localhost:[port-number]/[context-path]/app/index.html</code>.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</doc:tutorial-instruction>
</doc:tutorial-instructions>
You can now see the page in your browser. It's not very exciting, but that's OK.
The static HTML page that displays "Nothing here yet!" was constructed with the HTML code shown
below. The code contains some key Angular elements that we will need going forward.
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
<!doctype html>
<html xmlns:ng="http://angularjs.org/" ng:app>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>my angular app</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/app.css"/>
</head>
<body>
Nothing here yet!
<script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
</pre>
## What is the code doing?
* xmlns declaration
<html xmlns:ng="http://angularjs.org" ng:app>
This `xmlns` declaration for the `ng` namespace must be specified in all Angular applications in
order to make Angular work with XHTML and IE versions older than 9 (regardless of whether you are
using XHTML or HTML).
* Angular script tag
<script src="lib/angular/angular.js">
This single line of code is all that is needed to bootstrap an angular application.
The code downloads the `angular.js` script and registers a callback that will be executed by the
browser when the containing HTML page is fully downloaded. When the callback is executed, Angular
looks for the {@link api/angular.directive.ng:app ng:app} attribute. If Angular finds
`ng:app`, it creates a root scope for the application and associates it with the element of
when `ng:app` was declared.
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_00_final.png">
As you will see shortly, everything in Angular is evaluated within a scope. We'll learn more
about this in the next steps.
## What are all these files in my working directory?
Most of the files in your working directory come from the {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-seed angular-seed project} which is typically used to bootstrap
new Angular projects. The seed project includes the latest Angular libraries, test libraries,
scripts and a simple example app, all pre-configured for developing a typical web app.
For the purposes of this tutorial, we modified the angular-seed with the following changes:
* Removed the example app
* Added phone images to `app/img/phones`
* Added phone data files (JSON) to `app/phones`
# Summary
Now let's go to {@link step_01 step 1} and add some content to the web app.
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="0"></ul>

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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 1 - Static Template
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="1"></ul>
In order to illustrate how angular enhances standard HTML, you will create a purely *static* HTML
page and then examine how we can turn this HTML code into a template that angular will use to
dynamically display the same result with any set of data.
In this step you will add some basic information about two cell phones to an HTML page.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="1" show="true"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
The page now contains a list with information about two phones.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-0...step-1 GitHub}:
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
...
<ul>
<li>
<span>Nexus S</span>
<p>
Fast just got faster with Nexus S.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<span>Motorola XOOM™ with Wi-Fi</span>
<p>
The Next, Next Generation tablet.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
...
</pre>
# Experiments
* Try adding more static HTML to `index.html`. For example:
<p>Total number of phones: 2</p>
# Summary
This addition to your app uses static HTML to display the list. Now, let's go to {@link step_02
step 2} to learn how to use angular to dynamically generate the same list.
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="1"></ul>

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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 2 - Angular Templates
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="2"></ul>
Now it's time to make the web page dynamic -- with Angular. We'll also add a test that verifies the
code for the controller we are going to add.
There are many ways to structure the code for an application. For Angular apps, we encourage the
use of {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–View–Controller the Model-View-Controller (MVC)
design pattern} to decouple the code and to separate concerns. With that in mind, let's use a
little Angular and JavaScript to add model, view, and controller components to our app.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="2"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
The app now contains a list with three phones.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-1...step-2 GitHub}:
## Template for the View
The __view__ component is constructed by Angular from this template:
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
<html ng:app>
...
<body ng:controller="PhoneListCtrl">
<ul>
<li ng:repeat="phone in phones">
{{phone.name}}
<p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
</li>
</ul>
<script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
<script src="js/controllers.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
</pre>
We replaced the hard-coded phone list with the {@link api/angular.widget.@ng:repeat ng:repeat
widget} and two {@link guide/dev_guide.expressions Angular expressions} enclosed in curly braces:
`{{phone.name}}` and `{{phone.snippet}}`:
* The `ng:repeat="phone in phones"` statement in the `<li>` tag is an Angular repeater. The
repeater tells Angular to create a `<li>` element for each phone in the list using the first `<li>`
tag as the template.
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_02_final.png">
* The curly braces around `phone.name` and `phone.snippet` are examples of {@link
guide/dev_guide.compiler.markup Angular markup}. The curly markup is shorthand for the Angular
directive {@link api/angular.directive.ng:bind ng:bind}. An `ng:bind` directive indicates a
template binding point to Angular. Binding points are locations in a template where Angular creates
data-binding between the view and the model.
In Angular, the view is a projection of the model through the HTML template. This means that
whenever the model changes, Angular refreshes the appropriate binding points, which updates the
view.
## Model and Controller
The data __model__ (a simple array of phones in object literal notation) is instantiated within
the __controller__ function(`PhoneListCtrl`):
__`app/js/controllers.js`:__
<pre>
function PhoneListCtrl() {
this.phones = [{"name": "Nexus S",
"snippet": "Fast just got faster with Nexus S."},
{"name": "Motorola XOOM™ with Wi-Fi",
"snippet": "The Next, Next Generation tablet."},
{"name": "MOTOROLA XOOM™",
"snippet": "The Next, Next Generation tablet."}];
}
</pre>
Although the controller is not yet doing very much controlling, it is playing a crucial role. By
providing context for our data model, the controller allows us to establish data-binding between
the model and the view. We connected the dots between the presentation, data, and logic components
as follows:
* The name of our controller function(in the JavaScript file `controllers.js`) matches the {@link
api/angular.directive.ng:controller ng:controller} directive in the `<body>` tag (`PhoneListCtrl`).
* The data is instantiated within the *scope* of our controller function; our template binding
points are located within the block bounded by the `<body ng:controller="PhoneListCtrl">` tag.
The concept of a scope in Angular is crucial; a scope can be seen as the glue which allows the
template, model and controller to work together. Angular uses scopes, along with the information
contained in the template, data model, and controller, to keep models and views separate, but in
sync. Any changes made to the model are reflected in the view; any changes that occur in the view
are reflected in the model.
To learn more about Angular scopes, see the {@link api/angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope angular scope documentation}.
## Tests
The "Angular way" makes it easy to test code as it is being developed. Take a look at the following
unit test for your newly created controller:
__`test/unit/controllersSpec.js`:__
<pre>
describe('PhoneCat controllers', function() {
describe('PhoneListCtrl', function() {
it('should create "phones" model with 3 phones', function() {
var ctrl = new PhoneListCtrl();
expect(ctrl.phones.length).toBe(3);
});
});
});
</pre>
The test verifies that we have three records in the phones array and the example demonstrates how
easy it is to create a unit test for code in Angular. Since testing is such a critical part of
software development, we make it easy to create tests in Angular so that developers are encouraged
to write them.
Angular developers prefer the syntax of Jasmine's Behavior-driven Development (BDD) framework when
writing tests. Although Angular does not require you to use Jasmine, we wrote all of the tests in
this tutorial in Jasmine. You can learn about Jasmine on the {@link
http://pivotal.github.com/jasmine/ Jasmine home page} and on the {@link
https://github.com/pivotal/jasmine/wiki Jasmine wiki}.
The angular-seed project is pre-configured to run all unit tests using {@link
http://code.google.com/p/js-test-driver/ JsTestDriver}. To run the test, do the following:
1. In a _separate_ terminal window or tab, go to the `angular-phonecat` directory and run
`./scripts/test-server.sh` to start the test web server.
2. Open a new browser tab or window and navigate to {@link http://localhost:9876}.
3. Choose "Capture this browser in strict mode".
At this point, you can leave this tab open and forget about it. JsTestDriver will use it to
execute the tests and report the results in the terminal.
4. Execute the test by running `./scripts/test.sh`
You should see the following or similar output:
Chrome: Runner reset.
.
Total 1 tests (Passed: 1; Fails: 0; Errors: 0) (2.00 ms)
Chrome 11.0.696.57 Mac OS: Run 1 tests (Passed: 1; Fails: 0; Errors 0) (2.00 ms)
Yay! The test passed! Or not...
Note: If you see errors after you run the test, close the browser tab and go back to the terminal
and kill the script, then repeat the procedure above.
# Experiments
* Add another binding to `index.html`. For example:
<p>Total number of phones: {{phones.length}}</p>
* Create a new model property in the controller and bind to it from the template. For example:
this.hello = "Hello, World!"
Refresh your browser to make sure it says, "Hello, World!"
* Create a repeater that constructs a simple table:
<table>
<tr><th>row number</th></tr>
<tr ng:repeat="i in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"><td>{{i}}</td></tr>
</table>
Now, make the list 1-based by incrementing `i` by one in the binding:
<table>
<tr><th>row number</th></tr>
<tr ng:repeat="i in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"><td>{{i+1}}</td></tr>
</table>
* Make the unit test fail by changing the `toBe(3)` statement to `toBe(4)`, and rerun the
`./scripts/test.sh` script.
# Summary
You now have a dynamic app that features separate model, view, and controller components, and you
are testing as you go. Now, let's go to {@link step_03 step 3} to learn how to add full text search
to the app.
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="2"></ul>

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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 3 - Filtering Repeaters
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="3"></ul>
We did a lot of work in laying a foundation for the app in the last step, so now we'll do something
simple; we will add full text search (yes, it will be simple!). We will also write an end-to-end
test, because a good end-to-end test is a good friend. It stays with your app, keeps an eye on it,
and quickly detects regressions.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="3"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
The app now has a search box. Notice that the phone list on the page changes depending on what a
user types into the search box.
The most important differences between Steps 2 and 3 are listed below. You can see the full diff on
{@link https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-2...step-3
GitHub}:
## Controller
We made no changes to the controller.
## Template
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
...
Fulltext Search: <input ng:model="query"/>
<ul class="phones">
<li ng:repeat="phone in phones.$filter(query)">
{{phone.name}}
<p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
</li>
</ul>
...
</pre>
We added a standard HTML `<input>` tag and used angular's {@link api/angular.module.ng.$filter.filter $filter}
function to process the input for the `ng:repeater`.
This lets a user enter search criteria and immediately see the effects of their search on the phone
list. This new code demonstrates the following:
* Data-binding. This is one of the core features in Angular. When the page loads, Angular binds the
name of the input box to a variable of the same name in the data model and keeps the two in sync.
In this code, the data that a user types into the input box (named __`query`__) is immediately
available as a filter input in the list repeater (`phone in phones.$filter(`__`query`__`)`). When
changes to the data model cause the repeater's input to change, the repeater efficiently updates
the DOM to reflect the current state of the model.
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_03_final.png">
* Use of `$filter`. The {@link api/angular.module.ng.$filter.filter $filter} method uses the `query` value to
create a new array that contains only those records that match the `query`.
`ng:repeat` automatically updates the view in response to the changing number of phones returned
by the `$filter`. The process is completely transparent to the developer.
## Test
In Step 2, we learned how to write and run unit tests. Unit tests are perfect for testing
controllers and other components of our application written in JavaScript, but they can't easily
test DOM manipulation or the wiring of our application. For these, an end-to-end test is a much
better choice.
The search feature was fully implemented via templates and data-binding, so we'll write our first
end-to-end test, to verify that the feature works.
__`test/e2e/scenarios.js`:__
<pre>
describe('PhoneCat App', function() {
describe('Phone list view', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
browser().navigateTo('../../app/index.html');
});
it('should filter the phone list as user types into the search box', function() {
expect(repeater('.phones li').count()).toBe(3);
input('query').enter('nexus');
expect(repeater('.phones li').count()).toBe(1);
input('query').enter('motorola');
expect(repeater('.phones li').count()).toBe(2);
});
});
});
</pre>
Even though the syntax of this test looks very much like our controller unit test written with
Jasmine, the end-to-end test uses APIs of {@link guide/dev_guide.e2e-testing Angular's end-to-end
test runner}.
To run the end-to-end test, open one of the following in a new browser tab:
* node.js users: {@link http://localhost:8000/test/e2e/runner.html}
* users with other http servers:
`http://localhost:[port-number]/[context-path]/test/e2e/runner.html`
* casual reader: {@link http://angular.github.com/angular-phonecat/step-3/test/e2e/runner.html}
This test verifies that the search box and the repeater are correctly wired together. Notice how
easy it is to write end-to-end tests in Angular. Although this example is for a simple test, it
really is that easy to set up any functional, readable, end-to-end test.
# Experiments
* Display the current value of the `query` model by adding a `{{query}}` binding into the
`index.html` template, and see how it changes when you type in the input box.
* Let's see how we can get the current value of the `query` model to appear in the HTML page title.
You might think you could just add the {{query}} to the title tag element as follows:
<title>Google Phone Gallery: {{query}}</title>
However, when you reload the page, you won't see the expected result. This is because the "query"
model lives in the scope defined by the body element:
<body ng:controller="PhoneListCtrl">
If you want to bind to the query model from the `<title>` element, you must __move__ the
`ng:controller` declaration to the HTML element because it is the common parent of both the body
and title elements:
<html ng:controller="PhoneListCtrl">
Be sure to *remove* the `ng:controller` declaration from the body element.
While using double curlies works fine in within the title element, you might have noticed that
for a split second they are actually displayed to the user while the page is loading. A better
solution would be to use the {@link api/angular.directive.ng:bind ng:bind} or {@link
api/angular.directive.ng:bind-template ng:bind-template} directives, which are invisible to the
user while the page is loading:
<title ng:bind-template="Google Phone Gallery: {{query}}">Google Phone Gallery</title>
* Add the following end-to-end test into the `describe` block within `test/e2e/scenarios.js`:
<pre>
it('should display the current filter value within an element with id "status"',
function() {
expect(element('#status').text()).toMatch(/Current filter: \s*$/);
input('query').enter('nexus');
expect(element('#status').text()).toMatch(/Current filter: nexus\s*$/);
//alternative version of the last assertion that tests just the value of the binding
using('#status').expect(binding('query')).toBe('nexus');
});
</pre>
Refresh the browser tab with the end-to-end test runner to see the test fail. To make the test
pass, edit the `index.html` template to add a `div` or `p` element with `id` `"status"` and content
with the `query` binding.
* Add a `pause()` statement into an end-to-end test and rerun it. You'll see the runner pause; this
gives you the opportunity to explore the state of your application while it is displayed in the
browser. The app is live! You can change the search query to prove it. Notice how useful this is
for troubleshooting end-to-end tests.
# Summary
We have now added full text search and included a test to verify that search works! Now let's go on
to {@link step_04 step 4} to learn how to add sorting capability to the phone app.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 4 - Two-way Data Binding
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="4"></ul>
In this step, you will add a feature to let your users control the order of the items in the phone
list. The dynamic ordering is implemented by creating a new model property, wiring it together with
the repeater, and letting the data binding magic do the rest of the work.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="4"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
You should see that in addition to the search box, the app displays a drop down menu that allows
users to control the order in which the phones are listed.
The most important differences between Steps 3 and 4 are listed below. You can see the full diff on
{@link https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-3...step-4 GitHub}:
## Template
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
...
<ul class="controls">
<li>
Search: <input type="text" ng:model="query"/>
</li>
<li>
Sort by:
<select ng:model="orderProp">
<option value="name">Alphabetical</option>
<option value="age">Newest</option>
</select>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="phones">
<li ng:repeat="phone in phones.$filter(query).$orderBy(orderProp)">
{{phone.name}}
<p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
</li>
</ul>
...
</pre>
We made the following changes to the `index.html` template:
* First, we added a `<select>` html element named `orderProp`, so that our users can pick from the
two provided sorting options.
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_04-06_final.png">
* We then chained the `$filter` method with {@link api/angular.module.ng.$filter.orderBy `$orderBy`} method to
further process the input into the repeater. `$orderBy` is a utility method similar to {@link
api/angular.module.ng.$filter.filter `$filter`}, but instead of filtering an array, it reorders it.
Angular creates a two way data-binding between the select element and the `orderProp` model.
`orderProp` is then used as the input for the `$orderBy` method.
As we discussed in the section about data-binding and the repeater in step 3, whenever the model
changes (for example because a user changes the order with the select drop down menu), Angular's
data-binding will cause the view to automatically update. No bloated DOM manipulation code is
necessary!
## Controller
__`app/js/controller.js`:__
<pre>
/* App Controllers */
function PhoneListCtrl() {
this.phones = [{"name": "Nexus S",
"snippet": "Fast just got faster with Nexus S.",
"age": 0},
{"name": "Motorola XOOM™ with Wi-Fi",
"snippet": "The Next, Next Generation tablet.",
"age": 1},
{"name": "MOTOROLA XOOM™",
"snippet": "The Next, Next Generation tablet.",
"age": 2}];
this.orderProp = 'age';
}
</pre>
* We modified the `phones` model - the array of phones - and added an `age` property to each phone
record. This property is used to order phones by age.
* We added a line to the controller that sets the default value of `orderProp` to `age`. If we had
not set the default value here, angular would have used the value of the first `<option>` element
(`'name'`) when it initialized the data model.
This is a good time to talk about two-way data-binding. Notice that when the app is loaded in the
browser, "Newest" is selected in the drop down menu. This is because we set `orderProp` to `'age'`
in the controller. So the binding works in the direction from our model to the UI. Now if you
select "Alphabetically" in the drop down menu, the model will be updated as well and the phones
will be reordered. That is the data-binding doing its job in the opposite direction — from the UI
to the model.
## Test
The changes we made should be verified with both a unit test and an end-to-end test. Let's look at
the unit test first.
__`test/unit/controllerSpec.js`:__
<pre>
describe('PhoneCat controllers', function() {
describe('PhoneListCtrl', function() {
var scope, $browser, ctrl;
beforeEach(function() {
ctrl = new PhoneListCtrl();
});
it('should create "phones" model with 3 phones', function() {
expect(ctrl.phones.length).toBe(3);
});
it('should set the default value of orderProp model', function() {
expect(ctrl.orderProp).toBe('age');
});
});
});
</pre>
The unit test now verifies that the default ordering property is set.
We used Jasmine's API to extract the controller construction into a `beforeEach` block, which is
shared by all tests in the parent `describe` block.
To run the unit tests, once again execute the `./scripts/test.sh` script and you should see the
following output.
Chrome: Runner reset.
..
Total 2 tests (Passed: 2; Fails: 0; Errors: 0) (3.00 ms)
Chrome 11.0.696.57 Mac OS: Run 2 tests (Passed: 2; Fails: 0; Errors 0) (3.00 ms)
Let's turn our attention to the end-to-end test.
__`test/e2e/scenarios.js`:__
<pre>
...
it('should be possible to control phone order via the drop down select box',
function() {
// narrow the dataset to make the test assertions shorter
input('query').enter('tablet');
expect(repeater('.phones li', 'Phone List').column('a')).
toEqual(["Motorola XOOM\u2122 with Wi-Fi",
"MOTOROLA XOOM\u2122"]);
select('orderProp').option('alphabetical');
expect(repeater('.phones li', 'Phone List').column('a')).
toEqual(["MOTOROLA XOOM\u2122",
"Motorola XOOM\u2122 with Wi-Fi"]);
});
...
</pre>
The end-to-end test verifies that the ordering mechanism of the select box is working correctly.
You can now refresh the browser tab with the end-to-end test runner to see the tests run, or you
can see them running on {@link
http://angular.github.com/angular-phonecat/step-4/test/e2e/runner.html
Angular's server}.
# Experiments
* In the `PhoneListCtrl` controller, remove the statement that sets the `orderProp` value and
you'll see that the ordering as well as the current selection in the dropdown menu will default to
"Alphabetical".
* Add an `{{orderProp}}` binding into the `index.html` template to display its current value as
text.
# Summary
Now that you have added list sorting and tested the app, go to {@link step_05 step 5} to learn
about Angular services and how Angular uses dependency injection.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 5 - XHRs & Dependency Injection
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="5"></ul>
Enough of building an app with three phones in a hard-coded dataset! Let's fetch a larger dataset
from our server using one of angular's built-in {@link api/angular.module.ng services} called {@link
api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr}. We will use angular's {@link guide/dev_guide.di dependency
injection (DI)} to provide the service to the `PhoneListCtrl` controller.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="5"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
You should now see a list of 20 phones.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-4...step-5
GitHub}:
## Data
The `app/phones/phone.json` file in your project is a dataset that contains a larger list of phones
stored in the JSON format.
Following is a sample of the file:
<pre>
[
{
"age": 13,
"id": "motorola-defy-with-motoblur",
"name": "Motorola DEFY\u2122 with MOTOBLUR\u2122",
"snippet": "Are you ready for everything life throws your way?"
...
},
...
]
</pre>
## Controller
We'll use angular's {@link api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr} service in our controller to make an HTTP
request to your web server to fetch the data in the `app/phones/phones.json` file. `$xhr` is just
one of several built-in {@link api/angular.module.ng angular services} that handle common operations
in web apps. Angular injects these services for you where you need them.
Services are managed by angular's {@link guide/dev_guide.di DI subsystem}. Dependency injection
helps to make your web apps both well-structured (e.g., separate components for presentation, data,
and control) and loosely coupled (dependencies between components are not resolved by the
components themselves, but by the DI subsystem).
__`app/js/controllers.js:`__
<pre>
function PhoneListCtrl($xhr) {
var self = this;
$xhr('GET', 'phones/phones.json', function(code, response) {
self.phones = response;
});
self.orderProp = 'age';
}
//PhoneListCtrl.$inject = ['$xhr'];
</pre>
`$xhr` makes an HTTP GET request to our web server, asking for `phone/phones.json` (the url is
relative to our `index.html` file). The server responds by providing the data in the json file.
(The response might just as well have been dynamically generated by a backend server. To the
browser and our app they both look the same. For the sake of simplicity we used a json file in this
tutorial.)
The `$xhr` service takes a callback as the last argument. This callback is used to process the
response. We assign the response to the scope controlled by the controller, as a model called
`phones`. Notice that angular detected the json response and parsed it for us!
To use a service in angular, you simply declare the names of the services you need as arguments to
the controller's constructor function, as follows:
function PhoneListCtrl($xhr) {...}
Angular's dependency injector provides services to your controller when the controller is being
constructed. The dependency injector also takes care of creating any transitive dependencies the
service may have (services often depend upon other services).
<img src="img/tutorial/xhr_service_final.png">
### '$' Prefix Naming Convention
You can create your own services, and in fact we will do exactly that in step 11. As a naming
convention, angular's built-in services, Scope methods and a few other angular APIs have a '$'
prefix in front of the name. Don't use a '$' prefix when naming your services and models, in order
to avoid any possible naming collisions.
### A Note on Minification
Since angular infers the controller's dependencies from the names of arguments to the controller's
constructor function, if you were to {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minification_(programming)
minify} the JavaScript code for `PhoneListCtrl` controller, all of its function arguments would be
minified as well, and the dependency injector would not being able to identify services correctly.
To overcome issues caused by minification, just assign an array with service identifier strings
into the `$inject` property of the controller function, just like the last line in the snippet
(commented out) suggests:
PhoneListCtrl.$inject = ['$xhr'];
## Test
__`test/unit/controllersSpec.js`:__
Because we started using dependency injection and our controller has dependencies, constructing the
controller in our tests is a bit more complicated. We could use the `new` operator and provide the
constructor with some kind of fake `$xhr` implementation. However, the recommended (and easier) way
is to create a controller in the test environment in the same way that angular does it in the
production code behind the scenes, as follows:
<pre>
describe('PhoneCat controllers', function() {
describe('PhoneListCtrl', function() {
var scope, $browser, ctrl;
beforeEach(function() {
scope = angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope();
$browser = scope.$service('$browser');
$browser.xhr.expectGET('phones/phones.json')
.respond([{name: 'Nexus S'},
{name: 'Motorola DROID'}]);
ctrl = scope.$new(PhoneListCtrl);
});
});
</pre>
We created the controller in the test environment, as follows:
* We created a root scope object by calling `angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope()`
* We called `scope.$new(PhoneListCtrl)` to get angular to create the child scope associated with
the `PhoneListCtrl` controller
Because our code now uses the `$xhr` service to fetch the phone list data in our controller, before
we create the `PhoneListCtrl` child scope, we need to tell the testing harness to expect an
incoming request from the controller. To do this we:
* Use the {@link api/angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope#$service `$service`} method to retrieve the `$browser` service,
a service that angular uses to represent various browser APIs. In tests, angular automatically uses
a mock version of this service that allows you to write tests without having to deal with these
native APIs and the global state associated with them.
* Use the `$browser.xhr.expectGET` method to train the `$browser` object to expect an incoming HTTP
request and tell it what to respond with. Note that the responses are not returned before we call
the `$browser.xhr.flush` method.
Now, we will make assertions to verify that the `phones` model doesn't exist on the scope, before
the response is received:
<pre>
it('should create "phones" model with 2 phones fetched from xhr', function() {
expect(ctrl.phones).toBeUndefined();
$browser.xhr.flush();
expect(ctrl.phones).toEqual([{name: 'Nexus S'},
{name: 'Motorola DROID'}]);
});
</pre>
* We flush the xhr queue in the browser by calling `$browser.xhr.flush()`. This causes the callback
we passed into the `$xhr` service to be executed with the trained response.
* We make the assertions, verifying that the phone model now exists on the scope.
Finally, we verify that the default value of `orderProp` is set correctly:
<pre>
it('should set the default value of orderProp model', function() {
expect(ctrl.orderProp).toBe('age');
});
});
});
</pre>
To run the unit tests, execute the `./scripts/test.sh` script and you should see the following
output.
Chrome: Runner reset.
..
Total 2 tests (Passed: 2; Fails: 0; Errors: 0) (3.00 ms)
Chrome 11.0.696.57 Mac OS: Run 2 tests (Passed: 2; Fails: 0; Errors 0) (3.00 ms)
# Experiments
* At the bottom of `index.html`, add a `{{phones}}` binding to see the list of phones displayed in
json format.
* In the `PhoneListCtrl` controller, pre-process the xhr response by limiting the number of phones
to the first 5 in the list. Use the following code in the xhr callback:
self.phones = response.splice(0, 5);
# Summary
Now that you have learned how easy it is to use angular services (thanks to angular's
implementation of dependency injection), go to {@link step_06 step 6}, where you will add some
thumbnail images of phones and some links.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 6 - Templating Links & Images
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="6"></ul>
In this step, you will add thumbnail images for the phones in the phone list, and links that, for
now, will go nowhere. In subsequent steps you will use the links to display additional information
about the phones in the catalog.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="6"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
You should now see links and images of the phones in the list.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-5...step-6
GitHub}:
## Data
Note that the `phones.json` file contains unique ids and image urls for each of the phones. The
urls point to the `app/img/phones/` directory.
__`app/phones/phones.json`__ (sample snippet):
<pre>
[
{
...
"id": "motorola-defy-with-motoblur",
"imageUrl": "img/phones/motorola-defy-with-motoblur.0.jpg",
"name": "Motorola DEFY\u2122 with MOTOBLUR\u2122",
...
},
...
]
</pre>
## Template
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
...
<ul class="phones">
<li ng:repeat="phone in phones.$filter(query).$orderBy(orderProp)">
<a href="#/phones/{{phone.id}}">{{phone.name}}</a>
<a href="#/phones/{{phone.id}}" class="thumb"><img ng:src="{{phone.imageUrl}}"></a>
<p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
</li>
</ul>
...
</pre>
To dynamically generate links that will in the future lead to phone detail pages, we used the
now-familiar {@link guide/dev_guide.compiler.markup double-curly brace markup} in the `href`
attribute values. In step 2, we added the `{{phone.name}}` binding as the element content. In this
step the `{{phone.id}}` binding is used in the element attribute.
We also added phone images next to each record using an image tag with the {@link
api/angular.directive.ng:src ng:src} directive. That directive prevents the browser from treating
the angular `{{ expression }}` markup literally, which it would have done if we had only specified
an attribute binding in a regular `src` attribute (`<img src="{{phone.imageUrl}}">`). Using
`ng:src` prevents the browser from making an http request to an invalid location.
## Test
__`test/e2e/scenarios.js`__:
<pre>
...
it('should render phone specific links', function() {
input('query').enter('nexus');
element('.phones li a').click();
expect(browser().location().hash()).toBe('/phones/nexus-s');
});
...
</pre>
We added a new end-to-end test to verify that the app is generating correct links to the phone
views that we will implement in the upcoming steps.
You can now refresh the browser tab with the end-to-end test runner to see the tests run, or you
can see them running on {@link
http://angular.github.com/angular-phonecat/step-6/test/e2e/runner.html
angular's server}.
# Experiments
* Replace the `ng:src` directive with a plain old `<src>` attribute. Using tools such as Firebug,
or Chrome's Web Inspector, or inspecting the webserver access logs, confirm that the app is indeed
making an extraneous request to `/app/%7B%7Bphone.imageUrl%7D%7D` (or
`/app/index.html/{{phone.imageUrl}}`).
# Summary
Now that you have added phone images and links, go to {@link step_07 step 7} to learn about angular
layout templates and how angular makes it easy to create applications that have multiple views.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 7 - Routing & Multiple Views
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="7"></ul>
In this step, you will learn how to create a layout template and how to build an app that has
multiple views by adding routing.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="7"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
Note that you are redirected to `app/index.html#/phones` and the same phone list appears in the
browser. When you click on a phone link the stub of a phone detail page is displayed.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-6...step-7
GitHub}:
## Multiple Views, Routing and Layout Template
Our app is slowly growing and becoming more complex. Before step 7, the app provided our users with
a single view (the list of all phones), and all of the template code was located in the
`index.html` file. The next step in building the app is to add a view that will show detailed
information about each of the devices in our list.
To add the detailed view, we could expand the `index.html` file to contain template code for both
views, but that would get messy very quickly. Instead, we are going to turn the `index.html`
template into what we call a "layout template". This is a template that is common for all views in
our application. Other "partial templates" are then included into this layout template depending on
the current "route" — the view that is currently displayed to the user.
Application routes in angular are declared via the {@link api/angular.module.ng.$route $route}
service. This service makes it easy to wire together controllers, view templates, and the current
URL location in the browser. Using this feature we can implement {@link
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_linking deep linking}, which lets us utilize the browser's
history (back and forward navigation) and bookmarks.
## Controllers
__`app/js/controller.js`:__
<pre>
function PhoneCatCtrl($route) {
var self = this;
$route.when('/phones',
{template: 'partials/phone-list.html', controller: PhoneListCtrl});
$route.when('/phones/:phoneId',
{template: 'partials/phone-detail.html', controller: PhoneDetailCtrl});
$route.otherwise({redirectTo: '/phones'});
$route.onChange(function() {
self.params = $route.current.params;
});
$route.parent(this);
}
//PhoneCatCtrl.$inject = ['$route'];
...
</pre>
We created a new controller called `PhoneCatCtrl`. We declared its dependency on the `$route`
service and used this service to declare that our application consists of two different views:
* The phone list view will be shown when the URL hash fragment is `/phones`. To construct this
view, angular will use the `phone-list.html` template and the `PhoneListCtrl` controller.
* The phone details view will be shown when the URL hash fragment matches '/phone/:phoneId', where
`:phoneId` is a variable part of the URL. To construct the phone details view, angular will use the
`phone-detail.html` template and the `PhoneDetailCtrl` controller.
We reused the `PhoneListCtrl` controller that we constructed in previous steps and we added a new,
empty `PhoneDetailCtrl` controller to the `app/js/controllers.js` file for the phone details view.
The statement `$route.otherwise({redirectTo: '/phones'})` triggers a redirection to `/phones` when
the browser address doesn't match either of our routes.
Thanks to the `$route.parent(this);` statement and `ng:controller="PhoneCatCtrl"` declaration in
the `index.html` template, the `PhoneCatCtrl` controller has a special role in our app. It is the
"root" controller and the parent controller for the other two sub-controllers (`PhoneListCtrl` and
`PhoneDetailCtrl`). The sub-controllers inherit the model properties and behavior from the root
controller.
Note the use of the `:phoneId` parameter in the second route declaration. The `$route` service uses
the route declaration — `'/phones/:phoneId'` — as a template that is matched against the current
URL. All variables defined with the `:` notation are extracted into the `$route.current.params` map.
The `params` alias created in the {@link api/angular.module.ng.$route `$route.onChange`} callback
allows us to use the `phoneId` property of this map in the `phone-details.html` template.
## Template
The `$route` service is usually used in conjunction with the {@link api/angular.widget.ng:view
ng:view} widget. The role of the `ng:view` widget is to include the view template for the current
route into the layout template, which makes it a perfect fit for our `index.html` template.
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
<html ng:app>
...
<body ng:controller="PhoneCatCtrl">
<ng:view></ng:view>
<script src="lib/angular/angular.js"></script>
<script src="js/controllers.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
</pre>
Note that we removed most of the code in the `index.html` template and replaced it with a single
line containing the `ng:view` tag. The code that we removed was placed into the `phone-list.html`
template:
__`app/partials/phone-list.html`:__
<pre>
<ul class="predicates">
<li>
Search: <input type="text" ng:model="query"/>
</li>
<li>
Sort by:
<select ng:model="orderProp">
<option value="name">Alphabetical</option>
<option value="age">Newest</option>
</select>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="phones">
<li ng:repeat="phone in phones.$filter(query).$orderBy(orderProp)">
<a href="#/phones/{{phone.id}}">{{phone.name}}</a>
<a href="#/phones/{{phone.id}}" class="thumb"><img ng:src="{{phone.imageUrl}}"></a>
<p>{{phone.snippet}}</p>
</li>
</ul>
</pre>
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_07_final.png">
We also added a placeholder template for the phone details view:
__`app/partials/phone-detail.html`:__
<pre>
TBD: detail view for {{params.phoneId}}
</pre>
Note how we are using `params` model defined in the `PhoneCatCtrl` controller.
## Test
To automatically verify that everything is wired properly, we wrote end-to-end tests that navigate
to various URLs and verify that the correct view was rendered.
<pre>
...
it('should redirect index.html to index.html#/phones', function() {
browser().navigateTo('../../app/index.html');
expect(browser().location().hash()).toBe('/phones');
});
...
describe('Phone detail view', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
browser().navigateTo('../../app/index.html#/phones/nexus-s');
});
it('should display placeholder page with phoneId', function() {
expect(binding('params.phoneId')).toBe('nexus-s');
});
});
</pre>
You can now refresh the browser tab with the end-to-end test runner to see the tests run, or you
can see them running on {@link
http://angular.github.com/angular-phonecat/step-7/test/e2e/runner.html
angular's server}.
# Experiments
* Try to add an `{{orderProp}}` binding to `index.html`, and you'll see that nothing happens even
when you are in the phone list view. This is because the `orderProp` model is visible only in the
scope managed by `PhoneListCtrl`, which is associated with the `<ng:view>` element. If you add the
same binding into the `phone-list.html` template, the binding will work as expected.
* In `PhoneCatCtrl`, create a new model called "`hero`" with `this.hero = 'Zoro'`. In
`PhoneListCtrl` let's shadow it with `this.hero = 'Batman'`, and in `PhoneDetailCtrl` we'll use
`this.hero = "Captain Proton"`. Then add the `<p>hero = {{hero}}</p>` to all three of our templates
(`index.html`, `phone-list.html`, and `phone-detail.html`). Open the app and you'll see scope
inheritance and model property shadowing do some wonders.
# Summary
With the routing set up and the phone list view implemented, we're ready to go to {@link step_08
step 8} to implement the phone details view.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 8 - More Templating
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="8"></ul>
In this step, you will implement the phone details view, which is displayed when a user clicks on a
phone in the phone list.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="8"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
Now when you click on a phone on the list, the phone details page with phone-specific information
is displayed.
To implement the phone details view we will use {@link api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr} to fetch our
data, and we'll flesh out the `phone-details.html` view template.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-7...step-8
GitHub}:
## Data
In addition to `phones.json`, the `app/phones/` directory also contains one json file for each
phone:
__`app/phones/nexus-s.json`:__ (sample snippet)
<pre>
{
"additionalFeatures": "Contour Display, Near Field Communications (NFC),...",
"android": {
"os": "Android 2.3",
"ui": "Android"
},
...
"images": [
"img/phones/nexus-s.0.jpg",
"img/phones/nexus-s.1.jpg",
"img/phones/nexus-s.2.jpg",
"img/phones/nexus-s.3.jpg"
],
"storage": {
"flash": "16384MB",
"ram": "512MB"
}
}
</pre>
Each of these files describes various properties of the phone using the same data structure. We'll
show this data in the phone detail view.
## Controller
We'll expand the `PhoneDetailCtrl` by using the `$xhr` service to fetch the json files. This works
the same way as the phone list controller.
__`app/js/controller.js`:__
<pre>
function PhoneDetailCtrl($xhr) {
var self = this;
$xhr('GET', 'phones/' + self.params.phoneId + '.json', function(code, response) {
self.phone = response;
});
}
//PhoneDetailCtrl.$inject = ['$xhr'];
</pre>
To construct the URL for the HTTP request, we use `params.phoneId` extracted from the current route
in the `PhoneCatCtrl` controller.
## Template
The TBD placeholder line has been replaced with lists and bindings that comprise the phone details.
Note where we use the angular `{{expression}}` markup and `ng:repeater`s to project phone data from
our model into the view.
__`app/partials/phone-details.html`:__
<pre>
<img ng:src="{{phone.images[0]}}" class="phone"/>
<h1>{{phone.name}}</h1>
<p>{{phone.description}}</p>
<ul class="phone-thumbs">
<li ng:repeat="img in phone.images">
<img ng:src="{{img}}"/>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="specs">
<li>
<span>Availability and Networks</span>
<dl>
<dt>Availability</dt>
<dd ng:repeat="availability in phone.availability">{{availability}}</dd>
</dl>
</li>
...
</li>
<span>Additional Features</span>
<dd>{{phone.additionalFeatures}}</dd>
</li>
</ul>
</pre>
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_08-09_final.png">
## Test
We wrote a new unit test that is similar to the one we wrote for the `PhoneListCtrl` controller in
step 5.
__`test/unit/controllerSpec.js`:__
<pre>
...
it('should fetch phone detail', function() {
scope.params = {phoneId:'xyz'};
$browser.xhr.expectGET('phones/xyz.json').respond({name:'phone xyz'});
ctrl = scope.$new(PhoneDetailCtrl);
expect(ctrl.phone).toBeUndefined();
$browser.xhr.flush();
expect(ctrl.phone).toEqual({name:'phone xyz'});
});
...
</pre>
To run the unit tests, execute the `./scripts/test.sh` script and you should see the following
output.
Chrome: Runner reset.
...
Total 3 tests (Passed: 3; Fails: 0; Errors: 0) (5.00 ms)
Chrome 11.0.696.57 Mac OS: Run 3 tests (Passed: 3; Fails: 0; Errors 0) (5.00 ms)
We also added a new end-to-end test that navigates to the Nexus S detail page and verifies that the
heading on the page is "Nexus S".
__`test/e2e/scenarios.js`:__
<pre>
...
describe('Phone detail view', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
browser().navigateTo('../../app/index.html#/phones/nexus-s');
});
it('should display nexus-s page', function() {
expect(binding('phone.name')).toBe('Nexus S');
});
});
...
</pre>
You can now refresh the browser tab with the end-to-end test runner to see the tests run, or you
can see them running on {@link
http://angular.github.com/angular-phonecat/step-8/test/e2e/runner.html
angular's server}.
# Experiments
* Using the {@link guide/dev_guide.e2e-testing Angular's end-to-end test runner API}, write a test
that verifies that we display 4 thumbnail images on the Nexus S details page.
# Summary
Now that the phone details view is in place, proceed to {@link step_09 step 9} to learn how to
write your own custom display filter.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 9 - Filters
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="9"></ul>
In this step you will learn how to create your own custom display filter.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="9"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
Navigate to one of the detail pages.
In the previous step, the details page displayed either "true" or "false" to indicate whether
certain phone features were present or not. We have used a custom filter to convert those text
strings into glyphs: ✓ for "true", and ✘ for "false". Let's see, what the filter code looks like.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-8...step-9
GitHub}:
## Custom Filter
In order to create a new filter, simply register your custom filter function with the {@link
api/angular.module.ng.$filter `angular.module.ng.$filter`} API.
__`app/js/filters.js`:__
<pre>
angular.module.ng.$filter('checkmark', function(input) {
return input ? '\u2713' : '\u2718';
});
</pre>
The name of our filter is "checkmark". The `input` evaluates to either `true` or `false`, and we
return one of two unicode characters we have chosen to represent true or false (`\u2713` and
`\u2718`).
## Template
Since the filter code lives in the `app/js/filters.js` file, we need to include this file in our
layout template.
__`app/index.html`:__
<pre>
...
<script src="js/controllers.js"></script>
<script src="js/filters.js"></script>
...
</pre>
The syntax for using filters in angular templates is as follows:
{{ expression | filter }}
Let's employ the filter in the phone details template:
__`app/partials/phone-detail.html`:__
<pre>
...
<dl>
<dt>Infrared</dt>
<dd>{{phone.connectivity.infrared | checkmark}}</dd>
<dt>GPS</dt>
<dd>{{phone.connectivity.gps | checkmark}}</dd>
</dl>
...
</pre>
## Test
Filters, like any other component, should be tested and these tests are very easy to write.
__`test/unit/filtersSpec.js`:__
<pre>
describe('checkmark filter', function() {
it('should convert boolean values to unicode checkmark or cross', function() {
expect(angular.module.ng.$filter.checkmark(true)).toBe('\u2713');
expect(angular.module.ng.$filter.checkmark(false)).toBe('\u2718');
});
})
</pre>
To run the unit tests, execute the `./scripts/test.sh` script and you should see the following
output.
Chrome: Runner reset.
....
Total 4 tests (Passed: 4; Fails: 0; Errors: 0) (3.00 ms)
Chrome 11.0.696.57 Mac OS: Run 4 tests (Passed: 4; Fails: 0; Errors 0) (3.00 ms)
# Experiments
* Let's experiment with some of the {@link api/angular.module.ng.$filter built-in angular filters} and add the
following bindings to `index.html`:
* `{{ "lower cap string" | uppercase }}`
* `{{ {foo: "bar", baz: 23} | json }}`
* `{{ 1304375948024 | date }}`
* `{{ 1304375948024 | date:"MM/dd/yyyy @ h:mma" }}`
* We can also create a model with an input element, and combine it with a filtered binding. Add
the following to index.html:
<input ng:model="userInput"> Uppercased: {{ userInput | uppercase }}
# Summary
Now that you have learned how to write and test a custom filter, go to {@link step_10 step 10} to
learn how we can use angular to enhance the phone details page further.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 10 - Event Handlers
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="10"></ul>
In this step, you will add a clickable phone image swapper to the phone details page.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="10"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
The phone details view displays one large image of the current phone and several smaller thumbnail
images. It would be great if we could replace the large image with any of the thumbnails just by
clicking on the desired thumbnail image. Let's have a look at how we can do this with angular.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-9...step-10
GitHub}:
## Controller
__`app/js/controllers.js`:__
<pre>
...
function PhoneDetailCtrl($xhr) {
var self = this;
$xhr('GET', 'phones/' + self.params.phoneId + '.json', function(code, response) {
self.phone = response;
self.mainImageUrl = response.images[0];
});
self.setImage = function(imageUrl) {
self.mainImageUrl = imageUrl;
}
}
//PhoneDetailCtrl.$inject = ['$xhr'];
</pre>
In the `PhoneDetailCtrl` controller, we created the `mainImageUrl` model property and set its
default value to the first phone image url.
We also created a `setImage` controller method to change the value of `mainImageUrl`.
## Template
__`app/partials/phone-detail.html`:__
<pre>
<img ng:src="{{mainImageUrl}}" class="phone"/>
...
<ul class="phone-thumbs">
<li ng:repeat="img in phone.images">
<img ng:src="{{img}}" ng:click="setImage(img)">
</li>
</ul>
...
</pre>
We bound the `ng:src` attribute of the large image to the `mainImageUrl` property.
We also registered an {@link api/angular.directive.ng:click `ng:click`} handler with thumbnail
images. When a user clicks on one of the thumbnail images, the handler will use the `setImage`
controller method to change the value of the `mainImageUrl` property to the url of the thumbnail
image.
<img src="img/tutorial/tutorial_10-11_final.png">
## Test
To verify this new feature, we added two end-to-end tests. One verifies that the main image is set
to the first phone image by default. The second test clicks on several thumbnail images and
verifies that the main image changed appropriately.
__`test/e2e/scenarios.js`:__
<pre>
...
describe('Phone detail view', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
browser().navigateTo('../../app/index.html#/phones/nexus-s');
});
it('should display the first phone image as the main phone image', function() {
expect(element('img.phone').attr('src')).toBe('img/phones/nexus-s.0.jpg');
});
it('should swap main image if a thumbnail image is clicked on', function() {
element('.phone-thumbs li:nth-child(3) img').click();
expect(element('img.phone').attr('src')).toBe('img/phones/nexus-s.2.jpg');
element('.phone-thumbs li:nth-child(1) img').click();
expect(element('img.phone').attr('src')).toBe('img/phones/nexus-s.0.jpg');
});
});
});
</pre>
You can now refresh the browser tab with the end-to-end test runner to see the tests run, or you
can see them running on {@link
http://angular.github.com/angular-phonecat/step-8/test/e2e/runner.html
angular's server}.
# Experiments
* Let's add a new controller method to `PhoneCatCtrl`:
this.hello = function(name) {
alert('Hello ' + (name || 'world') + '!');
}
and add:
<button ng:click="hello('Elmo')">Hello</button>
to the `index.html` template.
The controller methods are inherited between controllers/scopes, so you can use the same snippet
in the `phone-list.html` template as well.
* Move the `hello` method from `PhoneCatCtrl` to `PhoneListCtrl` and you'll see that the button
declared in `index.html` will stop working, while the one declared in the `phone-list.html`
template remains operational.
# Summary
With the phone image swapper in place, we're ready for {@link step_11 step 11} (the last step!) to
learn an even better way to fetch data.
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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: 11 - REST and Custom Services
@description
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="11"></ul>
In this step, you will improve the way our app fetches data.
<doc:tutorial-instructions step="11"></doc:tutorial-instructions>
The last improvement we will make to our app is to define a custom service that represents a {@link
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer RESTful} client. Using this client we
can make xhr requests for data in an easier way, without having to deal with the lower-level {@link
api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr} API, HTTP methods and URLs.
The most important changes are listed below. You can see the full diff on {@link
https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat/compare/step-10...step-11
GitHub}:
## Template
The custom service is defined in `app/js/services.js` so we need to include this file in our layout
template:
__`app/index.html`.__
<pre>
...
<script src="js/services.js"></script>
...
</pre>
## Service
__`app/js/services.js`.__
<pre>
angular.module.ng('Phone', function($resource) {
return $resource('phones/:phoneId.json', {}, {
query: {method: 'GET', params: {phoneId: 'phones'}, isArray: true}
});
});
</pre>
We used the {@link api/angular.module.ng} API to register a custom service. We passed in the name of
the service - 'Phone' - and a factory function. The factory function is similar to a controller's
constructor in that both can declare dependencies via function arguments. The Phone service
declared a dependency on the `$resource` service.
The {@link api/angular.module.ng.$resource `$resource`} service makes it easy to create a {@link
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer RESTful} client with just a few lines
of code. This client can then be used in our application, instead of the lower-level {@link
api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr} service.
## Controller
We simplified our sub-controllers (`PhoneListCtrl` and `PhoneDetailCtrl`) by factoring out the
lower-level {@link api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr} service, replacing it with a new service called
`Phone`. Angular's {@link api/angular.module.ng.$resource `$resource`} service is easier to use than
{@link api/angular.module.ng.$xhr $xhr} for interacting with data sources exposed as RESTful
resources. It is also easier now to understand what the code in our controllers is doing.
__`app/js/controllers.js`.__
<pre>
...
function PhoneListCtrl(Phone) {
this.orderProp = 'age';
this.phones = Phone.query();
}
//PhoneListCtrl.$inject = ['Phone'];
function PhoneDetailCtrl(Phone) {
var self = this;
self.phone = Phone.get({phoneId: self.params.phoneId}, function(phone) {
self.mainImageUrl = phone.images[0];
});
...
}
//PhoneDetailCtrl.$inject = ['Phone'];
</pre>
Notice how in `PhoneListCtrl` we replaced:
$xhr('GET', 'phones/phones.json', function(code, response) {
self.phones = response;
});
with:
this.phones = Phone.query();
This is a simple statement that we want to query for all phones.
An important thing to notice in the code above is that we don't pass any callback functions when
invoking methods of our Phone service. Although it looks as if the result were returned
synchronously, that is not the case at all. What is returned synchronously is a "future" — an
object, which will be filled with data when the xhr response returns. Because of the data-binding
in angular, we can use this future and bind it to our template. Then, when the data arrives, the
view will automatically update.
Sometimes, relying on the future object and data-binding alone is not sufficient to do everything
we require, so in these cases, we can add a callback to process the server response. The
`PhoneDetailCtrl` controller illustrates this by setting the `mainImageUrl` in a callback.
## Test
We have modified our unit tests to verify that our new service is issuing HTTP requests and
processing them as expected. The tests also check that our controllers are interacting with the
service correctly.
The {@link api/angular.module.ng.$resource $resource} service augments the response object with
methods for updating and deleting the resource. If we were to use the standard `toEqual` matcher,
our tests would fail because the test values would not match the responses exactly. To solve the
problem, we use a newly-defined `toEqualData` {@link
http://pivotal.github.com/jasmine/jsdoc/symbols/jasmine.Matchers.html Jasmine matcher}. When the
`toEqualData` matcher compares two objects, it takes only object properties into account and
ignores methods.
__`test/unit/controllersSpec.js`:__
<pre>
describe('PhoneCat controllers', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
this.addMatchers({
toEqualData: function(expected) {
return angular.equals(this.actual, expected);
}
});
});
describe('PhoneListCtrl', function() {
var scope, $browser, ctrl;
beforeEach(function() {
scope = angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope();
$browser = scope.$service('$browser');
$browser.xhr.expectGET('phones/phones.json')
.respond([{name: 'Nexus S'}, {name: 'Motorola DROID'}]);
ctrl = scope.$new(PhoneListCtrl);
});
it('should create "phones" model with 2 phones fetched from xhr', function() {
expect(ctrl.phones).toEqual([]);
$browser.xhr.flush();
expect(ctrl.phones).toEqualData([{name: 'Nexus S'},
{name: 'Motorola DROID'}]);
});
it('should set the default value of orderProp model', function() {
expect(ctrl.orderProp).toBe('age');
});
});
describe('PhoneDetailCtrl', function() {
var scope, $browser, ctrl;
beforeEach(function() {
scope = angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope();
$browser = scope.$service('$browser');
});
beforeEach(function() {
scope = angular.module.ng.$rootScope.Scope();
$browser = scope.$service('$browser');
});
it('should fetch phone detail', function() {
scope.params = {phoneId:'xyz'};
$browser.xhr.expectGET('phones/xyz.json').respond({name:'phone xyz'});
ctrl = scope.$new(PhoneDetailCtrl);
expect(ctrl.phone).toEqualData({});
$browser.xhr.flush();
expect(ctrl.phone).toEqualData({name:'phone xyz'});
});
});
});
</pre>
To run the unit tests, execute the `./scripts/test.sh` script and you should see the following
output.
Chrome: Runner reset.
....
Total 4 tests (Passed: 4; Fails: 0; Errors: 0) (3.00 ms)
Chrome 11.0.696.57 Mac OS: Run 4 tests (Passed: 4; Fails: 0; Errors 0) (3.00 ms)
# Summary
There you have it! We have created a web app in a relatively short amount of time. In the {@link
the_end closing notes} we'll cover were to go from here.
<ul doc:tutorial-nav="11"></ul>

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@ngdoc overview
@name Tutorial: The End
@description
Our application is now complete. Feel free to experiment with the code further, and jump back to
previous steps using the `git checkout` or `goto_step.sh` commands.
For more details and examples of the angular concepts we touched on in this tutorial, see the
{@link guide/ Developer Guide}.
For several more examples of code, see the {@link cookbook/ Cookbook}.
When you are ready to start developing a project using angular, we recommend that you bootstrap
your development with the {@link https://github.com/angular/angular-seed angular seed} project.
We hope this tutorial was useful to you and that you learned enough about angular to make you want
to learn more. We especially hope you are inspired to go out and develop angular web apps of your
own, and that you might be interested in {@link misc/contribute contributing} to angular.
If you have questions or feedback or just want to say "hi", please post a message at {@link
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/angular}.