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Add initial documentation (based on README)

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Trey Hunner 2013-07-31 22:55:43 -07:00
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177
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# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
#
# You can set these variables from the command line.
SPHINXOPTS =
SPHINXBUILD = sphinx-build
PAPER =
BUILDDIR = _build
# User-friendly check for sphinx-build
ifeq ($(shell which $(SPHINXBUILD) >/dev/null 2>&1; echo $$?), 1)
$(error The '$(SPHINXBUILD)' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point to the full path of the '$(SPHINXBUILD)' executable. Alternatively you can add the directory with the executable to your PATH. If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from http://sphinx-doc.org/)
endif
# Internal variables.
PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4
PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
.PHONY: help clean html dirhtml singlehtml pickle json htmlhelp qthelp devhelp epub latex latexpdf text man changes linkcheck doctest gettext
help:
@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
@echo " html to make standalone HTML files"
@echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
@echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
@echo " pickle to make pickle files"
@echo " json to make JSON files"
@echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
@echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
@echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
@echo " epub to make an epub"
@echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
@echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
@echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
@echo " text to make text files"
@echo " man to make manual pages"
@echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files"
@echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
@echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs"
@echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
@echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files"
@echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
@echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
@echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
clean:
rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
html:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
dirhtml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
singlehtml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
pickle:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
json:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
htmlhelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
qthelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/django-model-utils.qhcp"
@echo "To view the help file:"
@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/django-model-utils.qhc"
devhelp:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
@echo
@echo "Build finished."
@echo "To view the help file:"
@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/django-model-utils"
@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/django-model-utils"
@echo "# devhelp"
epub:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
latex:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo
@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
"(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
latexpdf:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
latexpdfja:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
text:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
man:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
texinfo:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
"(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
info:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
gettext:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
changes:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
@echo
@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
linkcheck:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
@echo
@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
"or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
doctest:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
"results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
xml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
pseudoxml:
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
@echo
@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# django-model-utils documentation build configuration file, created by
# sphinx-quickstart on Wed Jul 31 22:27:07 2013.
#
# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its containing dir.
#
# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
# autogenerated file.
#
# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
# serve to show the default.
import sys, os
# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
# -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
# coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
extensions = []
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
templates_path = ['_templates']
# The suffix of source filenames.
source_suffix = '.rst'
# The encoding of source files.
#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
# The master toctree document.
master_doc = 'index'
# General information about the project.
project = u'django-model-utils'
copyright = u'2013, Carl Meyer'
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
# built documents.
#
# The short X.Y version.
version = '1.4'
# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
release = '1.4.0'
# The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
# for a list of supported languages.
#language = None
# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
# non-false value, then it is used:
#today = ''
# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
exclude_patterns = ['_build']
# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
#default_role = None
# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
#add_function_parentheses = True
# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
# unit titles (such as .. function::).
#add_module_names = True
# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
# output. They are ignored by default.
#show_authors = False
# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
pygments_style = 'sphinx'
# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
#modindex_common_prefix = []
# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
#keep_warnings = False
# -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
# a list of builtin themes.
html_theme = 'default'
# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
# documentation.
#html_theme_options = {}
# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
#html_theme_path = []
# The name for this set of Sphinx documents. If None, it defaults to
# "<project> v<release> documentation".
#html_title = None
# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
#html_short_title = None
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
# of the sidebar.
#html_logo = None
# The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
# docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
# pixels large.
#html_favicon = None
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
html_static_path = ['_static']
# If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
# using the given strftime format.
#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
# typographically correct entities.
#html_use_smartypants = True
# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
#html_sidebars = {}
# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
# template names.
#html_additional_pages = {}
# If false, no module index is generated.
#html_domain_indices = True
# If false, no index is generated.
#html_use_index = True
# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
#html_split_index = False
# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
#html_show_sourcelink = True
# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#html_show_sphinx = True
# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
#html_show_copyright = True
# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
#html_use_opensearch = ''
# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
#html_file_suffix = None
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
htmlhelp_basename = 'django-model-utilsdoc'
# -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
latex_elements = {
# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
#'pointsize': '10pt',
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
#'preamble': '',
}
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
latex_documents = [
('index', 'django-model-utils.tex', u'django-model-utils Documentation',
u'Carl Meyer', 'manual'),
]
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
# the title page.
#latex_logo = None
# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
# not chapters.
#latex_use_parts = False
# If true, show page references after internal links.
#latex_show_pagerefs = False
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#latex_show_urls = False
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#latex_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
#latex_domain_indices = True
# -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
man_pages = [
('index', 'django-model-utils', u'django-model-utils Documentation',
[u'Carl Meyer'], 1)
]
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
#man_show_urls = False
# -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
# (source start file, target name, title, author,
# dir menu entry, description, category)
texinfo_documents = [
('index', 'django-model-utils', u'django-model-utils Documentation',
u'Carl Meyer', 'django-model-utils', 'One line description of project.',
'Miscellaneous'),
]
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
#texinfo_appendices = []
# If false, no module index is generated.
#texinfo_domain_indices = True
# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False

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==================
django-model-utils
==================
Django model mixins and utilities.
Contents
========
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 3
setup
usage
Contributing
============
Please file bugs and send pull requests to the `GitHub repository`_ and `issue
tracker`_.
.. _GitHub repository: https://github.com/carljm/django-model-utils/
.. _issue tracker: https://github.com/carljm/django-model-utils/issues
Indices and tables
==================
* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`modindex`
* :ref:`search`

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@ECHO OFF
REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
if "%SPHINXBUILD%" == "" (
set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
)
set BUILDDIR=_build
set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d %BUILDDIR%/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% .
set I18NSPHINXOPTS=%SPHINXOPTS% .
if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
set I18NSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %I18NSPHINXOPTS%
)
if "%1" == "" goto help
if "%1" == "help" (
:help
echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
echo. html to make standalone HTML files
echo. dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories
echo. singlehtml to make a single large HTML file
echo. pickle to make pickle files
echo. json to make JSON files
echo. htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project
echo. qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project
echo. devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project
echo. epub to make an epub
echo. latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
echo. text to make text files
echo. man to make manual pages
echo. texinfo to make Texinfo files
echo. gettext to make PO message catalogs
echo. changes to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
echo. xml to make Docutils-native XML files
echo. pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes
echo. linkcheck to check all external links for integrity
echo. doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
goto end
)
if "%1" == "clean" (
for /d %%i in (%BUILDDIR%\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
del /q /s %BUILDDIR%\*
goto end
)
%SPHINXBUILD% 2> nul
if errorlevel 9009 (
echo.
echo.The 'sphinx-build' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx
echo.installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point
echo.to the full path of the 'sphinx-build' executable. Alternatively you
echo.may add the Sphinx directory to PATH.
echo.
echo.If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from
echo.http://sphinx-doc.org/
exit /b 1
)
if "%1" == "html" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/html
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/html.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "singlehtml" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b singlehtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "pickle" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pickle
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "json" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/json
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
.hhp project file in %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "qthelp" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/qthelp
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
.qhcp project file in %BUILDDIR%/qthelp, like this:
echo.^> qcollectiongenerator %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\django-model-utils.qhcp
echo.To view the help file:
echo.^> assistant -collectionFile %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\django-model-utils.ghc
goto end
)
if "%1" == "devhelp" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b devhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/devhelp
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "epub" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b epub %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/epub
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The epub file is in %BUILDDIR%/epub.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "latex" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "latexpdf" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
cd %BUILDDIR%/latex
make all-pdf
cd %BUILDDIR%/..
echo.
echo.Build finished; the PDF files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "latexpdfja" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
cd %BUILDDIR%/latex
make all-pdf-ja
cd %BUILDDIR%/..
echo.
echo.Build finished; the PDF files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "text" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b text %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/text
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The text files are in %BUILDDIR%/text.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "man" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b man %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/man
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The manual pages are in %BUILDDIR%/man.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "texinfo" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b texinfo %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/texinfo
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The Texinfo files are in %BUILDDIR%/texinfo.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "gettext" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b gettext %I18NSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/locale
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The message catalogs are in %BUILDDIR%/locale.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "changes" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/changes
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.The overview file is in %BUILDDIR%/changes.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
or in %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck/output.txt.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "doctest" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/doctest
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
results in %BUILDDIR%/doctest/output.txt.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "xml" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b xml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/xml
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The XML files are in %BUILDDIR%/xml.
goto end
)
if "%1" == "pseudoxml" (
%SPHINXBUILD% -b pseudoxml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pseudoxml
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
echo.
echo.Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in %BUILDDIR%/pseudoxml.
goto end
)
:end

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=====
Setup
=====
Installation
============
Install from PyPI with ``pip``::
pip install django-model-utils
To use ``django-model-utils`` in your Django project, just import and
use the utility classes described in this documentation; there is no need to
modify your ``INSTALLED_APPS`` setting.
Dependencies
============
``django-model-utils`` supports `Django`_ 1.4.2 and later on Python 2.6, 2.7,
3.2, and 3.3.
.. _Django: http://www.djangoproject.com/

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=====
Usage
=====
Fields
======
Choices
-------
``Choices`` provides some conveniences for setting ``choices`` on a Django model field:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils import Choices
class Article(models.Model):
STATUS = Choices('draft', 'published')
# ...
status = models.CharField(choices=STATUS, default=STATUS.draft, max_length=20)
A ``Choices`` object is initialized with any number of choices. In the
simplest case, each choice is a string; that string will be used both
as the database representation of the choice, and the human-readable
representation. Note that you can access options as attributes on the
``Choices`` object: ``STATUS.draft``.
But you may want your human-readable versions translated, in which
case you need to separate the human-readable version from the DB
representation. In this case you can provide choices as two-tuples:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils import Choices
class Article(models.Model):
STATUS = Choices(('draft', _('draft')), ('published', _('published')))
# ...
status = models.CharField(choices=STATUS, default=STATUS.draft, max_length=20)
But what if your database representation of choices is constrained in
a way that would hinder readability of your code? For instance, you
may need to use an ``IntegerField`` rather than a ``CharField``, or
you may want the database to order the values in your field in some
specific way. In this case, you can provide your choices as triples,
where the first element is the database representation, the second is
a valid Python identifier you will use in your code as a constant, and
the third is the human-readable version:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils import Choices
class Article(models.Model):
STATUS = Choices((0, 'draft', _('draft')), (1, 'published', _('published')))
# ...
status = models.IntegerField(choices=STATUS, default=STATUS.draft)
StatusField
-----------
A simple convenience for giving a model a set of "states."
``StatusField`` is a ``CharField`` subclass that expects to find a
``STATUS`` class attribute on its model, and uses that as its
``choices``. Also sets a default ``max_length`` of 100, and sets its
default value to the first item in the ``STATUS`` choices:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils.fields import StatusField
from model_utils import Choices
class Article(models.Model):
STATUS = Choices('draft', 'published')
# ...
status = StatusField()
(The ``STATUS`` class attribute does not have to be a `Choices`_
instance, it can be an ordinary list of two-tuples).
``StatusField`` does not set ``db_index=True`` automatically; if you
expect to frequently filter on your status field (and it will have
enough selectivity to make an index worthwhile) you may want to add this
yourself.
MonitorField
------------
A ``DateTimeField`` subclass that monitors another field on the model,
and updates itself to the current date-time whenever the monitored
field changes:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils.fields import MonitorField, StatusField
class Article(models.Model):
STATUS = Choices('draft', 'published')
status = StatusField()
status_changed = MonitorField(monitor='status')
(A ``MonitorField`` can monitor any type of field for changes, not only a
``StatusField``.)
SplitField
----------
A ``TextField`` subclass that automatically pulls an excerpt out of
its content (based on a "split here" marker or a default number of
initial paragraphs) and stores both its content and excerpt values in
the database.
A ``SplitField`` is easy to add to any model definition:
.. code-block:: python
from django.db import models
from model_utils.fields import SplitField
class Article(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
body = SplitField()
``SplitField`` automatically creates an extra non-editable field
``_body_excerpt`` to store the excerpt. This field doesn't need to be
accessed directly; see below.
Accessing a SplitField on a model
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When accessing an attribute of a model that was declared as a
``SplitField``, a ``SplitText`` object is returned. The ``SplitText``
object has three attributes:
``content``:
The full field contents.
``excerpt``:
The excerpt of ``content`` (read-only).
``has_more``:
True if the excerpt and content are different, False otherwise.
This object also has a ``__unicode__`` method that returns the full
content, allowing ``SplitField`` attributes to appear in templates
without having to access ``content`` directly.
Assuming the ``Article`` model above:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> a = Article.objects.all()[0]
>>> a.body.content
u'some text\n\n<!-- split -->\n\nmore text'
>>> a.body.excerpt
u'some text\n'
>>> unicode(a.body)
u'some text\n\n<!-- split -->\n\nmore text'
Assignment to ``a.body`` is equivalent to assignment to
``a.body.content``.
.. note::
a.body.excerpt is only updated when a.save() is called
Customized excerpting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
By default, ``SplitField`` looks for the marker ``<!-- split -->``
alone on a line and takes everything before that marker as the
excerpt. This marker can be customized by setting the ``SPLIT_MARKER``
setting.
If no marker is found in the content, the first two paragraphs (where
paragraphs are blocks of text separated by a blank line) are taken to
be the excerpt. This number can be customized by setting the
``SPLIT_DEFAULT_PARAGRAPHS`` setting.
Models
======
TimeFramedModel
---------------
An abstract base class for any model that expresses a time-range. Adds
``start`` and ``end`` nullable DateTimeFields, and a ``timeframed``
manager that returns only objects for whom the current date-time lies
within their time range.
StatusModel
-----------
Pulls together `StatusField`_, `MonitorField`_ and `QueryManager`_
into an abstract base class for any model with a "status."
Just provide a ``STATUS`` class-attribute (a `Choices`_ object or a
list of two-tuples), and your model will have a ``status`` field with
those choices, a ``status_changed`` field containing the date-time the
``status`` was last changed, and a manager for each status that
returns objects with that status only:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils.models import StatusModel
from model_utils import Choices
class Article(StatusModel):
STATUS = Choices('draft', 'published')
# ...
a = Article()
a.status = Article.STATUS.published
# this save will update a.status_changed
a.save()
# this query will only return published articles:
Article.published.all()
Model Managers
==============
InheritanceManager
------------------
This manager (`contributed by Jeff Elmore`_) should be attached to a base model
class in a model-inheritance tree. It allows queries on that base model to
return heterogenous results of the actual proper subtypes, without any
additional queries.
For instance, if you have a ``Place`` model with subclasses ``Restaurant`` and
``Bar``, you may want to query all Places:
.. code-block:: python
nearby_places = Place.objects.filter(location='here')
But when you iterate over ``nearby_places``, you'll get only ``Place``
instances back, even for objects that are "really" ``Restaurant`` or ``Bar``.
If you attach an ``InheritanceManager`` to ``Place``, you can just call the
``select_subclasses()`` method on the ``InheritanceManager`` or any
``QuerySet`` from it, and the resulting objects will be instances of
``Restaurant`` or ``Bar``:
.. code-block:: python
from model_utils.managers import InheritanceManager
class Place(models.Model):
# ...
objects = InheritanceManager()
class Restaurant(Place):
# ...
class Bar(Place):
# ...
nearby_places = Place.objects.filter(location='here').select_subclasses()
for place in nearby_places:
# "place" will automatically be an instance of Place, Restaurant, or Bar
The database query performed will have an extra join for each subclass; if you
want to reduce the number of joins and you only need particular subclasses to
be returned as their actual type, you can pass subclass names to
``select_subclasses()``, much like the built-in ``select_related()`` method:
.. code-block:: python
nearby_places = Place.objects.select_subclasses("restaurant")
# restaurants will be Restaurant instances, bars will still be Place instances
``InheritanceManager`` also provides a subclass-fetching alternative to the
``get()`` method:
.. code-block:: python
place = Place.objects.get_subclass(id=some_id)
# "place" will automatically be an instance of Place, Restaurant, or Bar
If you don't explicitly call ``select_subclasses()`` or ``get_subclass()``,
an ``InheritanceManager`` behaves identically to a normal ``Manager``; so
it's safe to use as your default manager for the model.
.. note::
Due to `Django bug #16572`_, on Django versions prior to 1.6
``InheritanceManager`` only supports a single level of model inheritance;
it won't work for grandchild models.
.. _contributed by Jeff Elmore: http://jeffelmore.org/2010/11/11/automatic-downcasting-of-inherited-models-in-django/
.. _Django bug #16572: https://code.djangoproject.com/ticket/16572
TimeStampedModel
----------------
This abstract base class just provides self-updating ``created`` and
``modified`` fields on any model that inherits from it.
QueryManager
------------
Many custom model managers do nothing more than return a QuerySet that
is filtered in some way. ``QueryManager`` allows you to express this
pattern with a minimum of boilerplate:
.. code-block:: python
from django.db import models
from model_utils.managers import QueryManager
class Post(models.Model):
...
published = models.BooleanField()
pub_date = models.DateField()
...
objects = models.Manager()
public = QueryManager(published=True).order_by('-pub_date')
The kwargs passed to ``QueryManager`` will be passed as-is to the
``QuerySet.filter()`` method. You can also pass a ``Q`` object to
``QueryManager`` to express more complex conditions. Note that you can
set the ordering of the ``QuerySet`` returned by the ``QueryManager``
by chaining a call to ``.order_by()`` on the ``QueryManager`` (this is
not required).
PassThroughManager
------------------
A common "gotcha" when defining methods on a custom manager class is that those
same methods are not automatically also available on the QuerySets returned by
that manager, so are not "chainable". This can be counterintuitive, as most of
the public QuerySet API is mirrored on managers. It is possible to create a
custom Manager that returns QuerySets that have the same additional methods,
but this requires boilerplate code. The ``PassThroughManager`` class
(`contributed by Paul McLanahan`_) removes this boilerplate.
.. _contributed by Paul McLanahan: http://paulm.us/post/3717466639/passthroughmanager-for-django
To use ``PassThroughManager``, rather than defining a custom manager with
additional methods, define a custom ``QuerySet`` subclass with the additional
methods you want, and pass that ``QuerySet`` subclass to the
``PassThroughManager.for_queryset_class()`` class method. The returned
``PassThroughManager`` subclass will always return instances of your custom
``QuerySet``, and you can also call methods of your custom ``QuerySet``
directly on the manager:
.. code-block:: python
from datetime import datetime
from django.db import models
from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
from model_utils.managers import PassThroughManager
class PostQuerySet(QuerySet):
def by_author(self, user):
return self.filter(user=user)
def published(self):
return self.filter(published__lte=datetime.now())
def unpublished(self):
return self.filter(published__gte=datetime.now())
class Post(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(User)
published = models.DateTimeField()
objects = PassThroughManager.for_queryset_class(PostQuerySet)()
Post.objects.published()
Post.objects.by_author(user=request.user).unpublished()
Field Tracker
=============
A ``FieldTracker`` can be added to a model to track changes in model fields. A
``FieldTracker`` allows querying for field changes since a model instance was
last saved. An example of applying ``FieldTracker`` to a model:
.. code-block:: python
from django.db import models
from model_utils import FieldTracker
class Post(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
body = models.TextField()
tracker = FieldTracker()
.. note::
``django-model-utils`` 1.3.0 introduced the ``ModelTracker`` object for
tracking changes to model field values. Unfortunately ``ModelTracker``
suffered from some serious flaws in its handling of ``ForeignKey`` fields,
potentially resulting in many extra database queries if a ``ForeignKey``
field was tracked. In order to avoid breaking API backwards-compatibility,
``ModelTracker`` retains the previous behavior but is deprecated, and
``FieldTracker`` has been introduced to provide better ``ForeignKey``
handling. All uses of ``ModelTracker`` should be replaced by
``FieldTracker``.
Summary of differences between ``ModelTracker`` and ``FieldTracker``:
* The previous value returned for a tracked ``ForeignKey`` field will now
be the raw ID rather than the full object (avoiding extra database
queries). (GH-43)
* The ``changed()`` method no longer returns the empty dictionary for all
unsaved instances; rather, ``None`` is considered to be the initial value
of all fields if the model has never been saved, thus ``changed()`` on an
unsaved instance will return a dictionary containing all fields whose
current value is not ``None``.
* The ``has_changed()`` method no longer crashes after an object's first
save. (GH-53).
Accessing a field tracker
-------------------------
There are multiple methods available for checking for changes in model fields.
previous
~~~~~~~~
Returns the value of the given field during the last save:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> a = Post.objects.create(title='First Post')
>>> a.title = 'Welcome'
>>> a.tracker.previous('title')
u'First Post'
Returns ``None`` when the model instance isn't saved yet.
has_changed
~~~~~~~~~~~
Returns ``True`` if the given field has changed since the last save:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> a = Post.objects.create(title='First Post')
>>> a.title = 'Welcome'
>>> a.tracker.has_changed('title')
True
>>> a.tracker.has_changed('body')
False
The ``has_changed`` method relies on ``previous`` to determine whether a
field's values has changed.
changed
~~~~~~~
Returns a dictionary of all fields that have been changed since the last save
and the values of the fields during the last save:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> a = Post.objects.create(title='First Post')
>>> a.title = 'Welcome'
>>> a.body = 'First post!'
>>> a.tracker.changed()
{'title': 'First Post', 'body': ''}
The ``changed`` method relies on ``has_changed`` to determine which fields
have changed.
Tracking specific fields
------------------------
A fields parameter can be given to ``FieldTracker`` to limit tracking to
specific fields:
.. code-block:: python
from django.db import models
from model_utils import FieldTracker
class Post(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
body = models.TextField()
title_tracker = FieldTracker(fields=['title'])
An example using the model specified above:
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> a = Post.objects.create(title='First Post')
>>> a.body = 'First post!'
>>> a.title_tracker.changed()
{'title': None}