==================
django-model-utils
==================

Django model mixins and utilities.

Installation
============

Install from PyPI with ``easy_install`` or ``pip``::

    pip install django-model-utils

or get the `in-development version`_::

    pip install django-model-utils==tip

.. _in-development version: http://bitbucket.org/carljm/django-model-utils/get/tip.gz#egg=django_model_utils-tip

To use ``django-model-utils`` in your Django project, just import the
utility classes described below; there is no need to modify your
``INSTALLED_APPS`` setting.

Dependencies
------------

``django-model-utils`` requires `Django`_ 1.0 or later.

.. _Django: http://www.djangoproject.com/

ChoiceEnum
==========

``ChoiceEnum`` makes setting ``choices`` on a Django model field way
too easy::

    from model_utils import ChoiceEnum

    class Article(models.Model):
        STATUS = ChoiceEnum('draft', 'published')
        # ...
        status = models.PositiveIntegerField(choices=STATUS, default=STATUS.draft)

        def status_desc(self):
            return self.STATUS[self.status]

A ``ChoiceEnum`` object is initialized with any number of choices,
which should be strings. It assigns a sequential id to each
choice. The numerical id for a choice is available through attribute
access (``STATUS.draft``), and the text name for a choice can be
obtained by indexing with the numerical id
(``self.STATUS[self.status]``). If iterated over, a ``ChoiceEnum``
object yields a tuple of two-tuples linking id to text names, the
format expected by the ``choices`` attribute of Django models.

Be careful not to add new choices in the middle of the list, as that
will change the numerical ids for all subsequent choices, which could
impact existing data.

fields.SplitField
=================

A ``TextField`` subclass that automatically pulls an excerpt out of
its content (based on a "split here" marker or a default number of
initial paragraphs) and stores both its content and excerpt values in
the database.

A ``SplitField`` is easy to add to any model definition::

    from django.db import models
    from model_utils.fields import SplitField

    class Article(models.Model):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
        body = SplitField()

``SplitField`` automatically creates an extra non-editable field
``_body_excerpt`` to store the excerpt. This field doesn't need to be
accessed directly; see below.

Accessing a SplitField on a model
---------------------------------

When accessing an attribute of a model that was declared as a
``SplitField``, a ``SplitText`` object is returned.  The ``SplitText``
object has three attributes:

``content``:
    The full field contents.
``excerpt``:
    The excerpt of ``content`` (read-only).
``has_more``:
    True if the excerpt and content are the same, False otherwise.

This object also has a ``__unicode__`` method that returns the full
content, allowing ``SplitField`` attributes to appear in templates
without having to access ``content`` directly.

Assuming the ``Article`` model above::

    >>> a = Article.objects.all()[0]
    >>> a.body.content
    u'some text\n\n<!-- split -->\n\nmore text'
    >>> a.body.excerpt
    u'some text\n'
    >>> unicode(a.body)
    u'some text\n\n<!-- split -->\n\nmore text'

Assignment to ``a.body`` is equivalent to assignment to
``a.body.content``.

.. note::
    a.body.excerpt is only updated when a.save() is called


Customized excerpting
---------------------

By default, ``SplitField`` looks for the marker ``<!-- split -->``
alone on a line and takes everything before that marker as the
excerpt. This marker can be customized by setting the ``SPLIT_MARKER``
setting.

If no marker is found in the content, the first two paragraphs (where
paragraphs are blocks of text separated by a blank line) are taken to
be the excerpt. This number can be customized by setting the
``SPLIT_DEFAULT_PARAGRAPHS`` setting.

models.InheritanceCastModel
===========================

This abstract base class can be inherited by the root (parent) model
in a model-inheritance tree.  It allows each model in the tree to
"know" what type it is (via an automatically-set foreign key to
``ContentType``), allowing for automatic casting of a parent instance
to its proper leaf (child) type.

For instance, if you have a ``Place`` model with subclasses
``Restaurant`` and ``Bar``, you may want to query all Places::

    nearby_places = Place.objects.filter(location='here')

But when you iterate over ``nearby_places``, you'll get only ``Place``
instances back, even for objects that are "really" ``Restaurant`` or
``Bar``.  If you have ``Place`` inherit from ``InheritanceCastModel``,
you can just call the ``cast()`` method on each ``Place`` and it will
return an instance of the proper subtype, ``Restaurant`` or ``Bar``::

    from model_utils.models import InheritanceCastModel

    class Place(InheritanceCastModel):
        ...
    
    class Restaurant(Place):
        ...

    nearby_places = Place.objects.filter(location='here')
    for place in nearby_places:
        restaurant_or_bar = place.cast()
        ...

.. note:: 
    This is inefficient for large querysets, as it results in n
    queries to the subtype tables.  It would be possible to write a
    QuerySet subclass that could reduce this to k queries, where there
    are k subtypes in the inheritance tree.

models.TimeStampedModel
=======================

This abstract base class just provides self-updating ``created`` and
``modified`` fields on any model that inherits it.

managers.QueryManager
=====================

Many custom model managers do nothing more than return a QuerySet that
is filtered in some way. ``QueryManager`` allows you to express this
pattern with a minimum of boilerplate::

    from django.db import models
    from model_utils.managers import QueryManager

    class Post(models.Model):
        ...
        published = models.BooleanField()
        pub_date = models.DateField()
        ...

        objects = models.Manager()
        public = QueryManager(published=True).order_by('-pub_date')

The kwargs passed to ``QueryManager`` will be passed as-is to the
``QuerySet.filter()`` method. You can also pass a ``Q`` object to
``QueryManager`` to express more complex conditions. Note that you can
set the ordering of the ``QuerySet`` returned by the ``QueryManager``
by chaining a call to ``.order_by()`` on the ``QueryManager`` (this is
not required).